Abstract
Background
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complicated by Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) remains to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Giving increasing evidences of benefit from targeted therapies, ES patients once thought to be inoperable may have increasing options for management. This study aims to explore whether PDA in patients with ES can be treated with transcatheter closure (TCC).
Methods
Between August 2014 and July 2016, four of fifteen PDA-ES patients whose Qp/Qs improved significantly and Qp/Qs > 1.5 after acute vasodilator testing with 100% oxygen were selected to receive TCC and pulmonary vasodilator therapy. PAH-targeted drugs were prescribed before and after occlusion for all. Trial occlusion was performed before permanent closure.
Results
The first TCC failed after initiation of PAH-targeted drugs for 6 months in four patients. After the medication was adjusted and extended to 12 months, TCC was performed for all without hemodynamic intolerances during perioperative period. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was significantly decreased (≥ 40%) immediately after TCC. During a mean follow-up of 48 ± 14.70 months, there were a further decrease of PASPs in two patients, the other two showed improved pulmonary vascular resistance, WHO functional class and six-minute walking distance despite deteriorated PASP.
Conclusion
Some selected PDA-ES patients might benefit from TCC and combined PAH-targeted drugs play a crucial role.
Keywords: Patent ductus arteriosus, Eisenmenger syndrome, Transcatheter closure, Diagnostic treatment and repair strategy, Targeted drugs
Background
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects (CHDs). Without timely correction, vasomotor dysfunction of endothelial cells and vascular remodeling will develop gradually in pulmonary arteries, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and eventually Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) which remains to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1, 2]. Additionally, in developing countries such as China, PDA associated with ES is common because CHDs are not detectable until adulthood and thereby ES has developed. This situation is now becoming a frontier issue.
Transcatheter closure (TCC) for PDA has been established as a safe and effective alternative to surgical closure with the advancement and improvement of techniques and materials [3]. However, TCC is generally considered as contraindicated for ES patients due to irreversible obstructive lesions of the pulmonary vasculature in the past clinical practice.
Recently, giving increasing evidence of benefit from targeted therapies [4], ES patients once thought to be inoperable may have increasing options for management [5, 6]. Patients with severe PAH are amenable to receive surgery or TCC after successful treatment with targeted drugs [7–9]. However, the immediate and long-term prognosis with such patients is unknown.
In this study, we aim to study the change of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), cardiac function and hemodynamic variables of four PDA-ES patients who underwent TCC and pulmonary vasodilator therapy by diagnostic treatment and repair strategy with long-term follow-up, in order to identify whether PDA-ES patients can benefit from TCC.
Methods
Patients
The records of fifteen patients with clinical and echocardiographic findings of PDA and ES were retrospectively reviewed from August 2014 to July 2016. The inclusion criteria for ES are based on European guidelines [10]. Each patient was evaluated by arterial blood gas analysis, six-minute walking distance (6MWD), World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC), echocardiography and finally right heart catheterization (RHC). This study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consents were obtained from all the patients.
Hemodynamic measurement
RHC was performed with Swan-Ganz catheter (Edwards 774,7.5F) and monitoring system (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Vigilance II). All measurements were performed in supine position. Hemodynamic parameters included right atrial pressure (RAP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). Cardiac output (CO) were assessed using the Fick’s method before TCC or continuous thermodilution method during follow-up. Arterial blood gases and mixed venous oxygen generation (SvO2) were also measured. Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs), PVR and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were calculated using standard formulas. All measurements were made in a stable baseline condition without oxygen for 2 h at least.
Acute vasodilator testing was then performed with oxygen. Standardized oxygen was provided via standard commercial equipment at a flow rate of 8 L/min, achieving an oxygen saturation of 100% in every patient. Oxygen was applied at least 10 min. Hemodynamic parameters, particularly Qp/Qs, were again recorded. Qp/Qs > 1.5 after inhalation of 100% oxygen was defined as an absolute cutoff value to screen the candidates for our study.
Intervention procedure
Under local anesthesia and transthoracic echocardiographic guidance, interventional procedure was performed after percutaneous puncture of the femoral artery and vein. Morphology of PDA was demonstrated by descending aorta angiography with 6F pigtail catheter, and the narrowest diameter of PDA was measured meanwhile. Trial occlusion using PDA occluder(Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Ltd, China) was performed for 30 min to measure the change of hemodynamic data. The occluder was released when all the following criteria were satisfied after trial occlusion: (1) a decrease in PASP ≥ 40%; (2) no decrease in aortic pressure (AOP); (3) an increase in systemic arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2).
Follow-up
The patients were followed up in out-patient clinic every 6 months after discharge with the last follow-up in August 2020. 6MWD, transthoracic echocardiography and blood gas analysis were routinely carried out. The hemodynamic evaluations by RHC were assessed in case 2,3,4 at 72,48,36 months follow-up, respectively.
Results
Study patients
After diagnosis by initial RHC and acute vasodilator testing, four (3 female and 1 male) of fifteen PDA-ES patients were finally selected to be treated with PAH-targeted drugs and subsequent TCC (Fig. 1).
Fig.1.
Study flow chart. PDA patent ductus arteriosus, ES Eisenmenger syndrome, Qp/Qs pulmonary-systemic blood flow ratio, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, TCC transcatheter closure
The mean age of the four PDA-ES patients were 28.5 years (ranging from 19 to 34 years) with WHO FCII-III. Baseline demographic characteristics and echocardiography parameters were shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics and echocardiography parameters of all patients
| Patient (no.) | Sex | Age (years) | WHO FC | 6MWD (m) | LVEF (%) | RV diameter (mm) | PASP (mmHg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M | 29 | III | 440 | 53 | 69 * 42 | 115 |
| 2 | F | 19 | II | 400 | 67 | 57 * 29 | 120 |
| 3 | F | 32 | II–III | 170 | 72 | 68 * 40 | 144 |
| 4 | F | 34 | III | 450 | 67 | 75 * 35 | 104 |
WHO FC WHO functional class, 6MWD six-minute walking distances, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, RV right ventricle
The mean PVR was 22.19 Wood U (ranging from 14.70 to 36.91 Wood U). The mean PASP and AOP were 126 mmHg (ranging from 105 to 145 mmHg) and 129 mmHg (ranging from 113 to 144 mmHg), respectively. Baseline hemodynamic parameters obtained by RHC and the changes of Qp/Qs after 100% oxygen inhalation were shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Baseline hemodynamics parameters measured by right heart catheterization
| Patient (no.) | PDA-SD | RAP (mm Hg) | PA (mm Hg) |
AO (mm Hg) | TPR (Wood U) | PVR (Wood U) | SVR (Wood U) | PVR/SVR | SaO2 (%) | Qp/Qs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP | DP | MP | SP | DP | MP | Baseline | O2 test | ||||||||
| 1 | Bidi | 13/6/9 | 105 | 73 | 81 | 114 | 69 | 79 | 18.95 | 16.14 | 28.29 | 0.57 | 91.8 | 1.73 | 2.92 |
| 2 | Bidi | 5/0/2 | 105 | 65 | 85 | 115 | 65 | 80 | 15.82 | 14.70 | 40.34 | 0.36 | 95 | 2.13 | 2.46 |
| 3 | Bidi | 9/2/5 | 143 | 63 | 95 | 142 | 62 | 95 | 40.31 | 36.91 | 36.07 | 1.02 | 88.9 | 1.00 | 1.72 |
| 4 | Bidi | 11/3/7 | 134 | 72 | 98 | 130 | 70 | 90 | 23.13 | 21.01 | 24.50 | 0.86 | 89.7 | 1.10 | 2.60 |
PDA-SD shunt direction across PDA, Bidi Bi-directional shunt; RAP, right atrium pressure, PA pulmonary artery, AO aortic pressure, SP systolic pressure, DP diastolic pressure, MP mean pressure, TPR total pulmonary resistance, PVR pulmonary vascular resistance, Qp/Qs pulmonary-systemic blood flow ratio, SVR systemic vascular resistance, SaO2 systemic arterial oxygen saturation
Diagnostic treatment and repair strategy
After initiation of PAH-targeted therapy for 6 months, the first TCC attempt failed because PASPs of the four patients during trial occlusion did not decrease or the reduction was less than 20%. After targeted therapy was adjusted and extended to 12 months, all the criteria were met and the PDA occluder was released following trial occlusion. There was no residual shunt for all and no complication or adverse event during perioperative period. All patients were discharged with PAH-targeted drugs 1–2 days after TCC. Initial and adjusted PAH-targeted drugs before permanent TCC were shown in Table 3. The PDA diameter, occluder size, changes of PASP, AOP and SaO2 before and after trial occlusion were shown in Table 4.
Table 3.
Initial and adjusted PAH-targeted drugs before TCC
| Paitent (no.) | Intial | Adjusted |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vardenafil 5 mg bid |
Vardenafil 5 mg bid Bosentan 125 mg bid |
| 2 | Tadanafil 20 mg qd |
Tadalafil 20 mg qd Bosentan 125 mg bid |
| 3 |
Bosentan 125 mg bid Tadanafil 20 mg qd |
Bosentan 125 mg bid Tadanafil 20 mg qd |
| 4 |
Ambrisentan 5 mg qd Tadalafil 20 mg qd |
Ambrisentan 5 mg qd Tadalafil 20 mg qd |
Table 4.
Comparisons between pre- and post-occlusion parameters
| Patient (no.) | PDA diameter (mm) | Occluder size (mm) | PA (mmHg) | AO (mmHg) | SaO2 (%) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre- | Post- | Pre- | Post- | pre- | post- | |||||||||||
| SP | DP | MP | SP | DP | MP | SP | DP | MP | SP | DP | MP | |||||
| 1 | 10 | 18–20 | 105 | 54 | 72 | 56 | 34 | 43 | 113 | 73 | 85 | 124 | 86 | 108 | 96 | 98 |
| 2 | 9 | 16–18 | 110 | 61 | 84 | 61 | 44 | 53 | 123 | 69 | 94 | 116 | 69 | 91 | 97 | 100 |
| 3 | 9 | 20–22 | 138 | 58 | 88 | 74 | 27 | 46 | 137 | 67 | 89 | 150 | 70 | 100 | 92 | 100 |
| 4 | 11 | 20–22 | 145 | 72 | 104 | 72 | 30 | 48 | 144 | 78 | 102 | 153 | 91 | 116 | 97 | 100 |
PDA patent ductus arteriosus, PA pulmonary artery, AO aorta, SP systolic pressure, DP diastolic pressure, MP mean pressure, SaO2 systemic arterial oxygen saturation
Follow-up
At 12-month follow-up, Cases 1 and 2 discontinued targeted therapy because PASP decreased to near normal. Case 2 was treated with ambrisentan again at 60-month as PASP rose to 72 mmHg. At 72-month follow-up, the PASP fall to 58 mmHg.PASP of Case 3 decreased to 98 mmHg at 12-month but rose to 140 mmHg at 24-month follow-up after stopping targeted drug without doctor consultant, therefore she was prescribed with bosentan and tadanafil again and the PASP was 111 mmHg at 48-month follow-up. PASP of Case 4 decreased to 70 mmHg at 12-month, but the PASP rose again to 87 mmHg and 131 mmHg at 24-month and 36-month, respectively. She was prescribed with macitentan instead of ambrisentan at 29-month follow-up. The changes of PASP measured by echocardiography and targeted drugs adjustment of each individual during follow-ups after final TCC were shown in Fig. 2.
Fig.2.
PASP changes on echocardiography and adjustment of targeted drugs at follow-up after final TCC. PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, TCC transcatheter closure
All the four patients showed improved 6MWD, WHO FC and SaO2 without enlarged RV diameter during a mean follow-up of 48 ± 14.70 months (ranging from 36 to 72 months). Hemodynamic assessment by RHC showed there was a significant fall in PVR of 3.83Wood U in case 2. Case 3 and 4 also displayed improved PVR of 12.68Wood U,12.54 Wood U and PVR/SVR of 0.88,0.80, respectively (Table 5). RV diameter, WHO FC, 6MWD and PAH-targeted drugs at the last follow-up were shown in Table 6.
Table 5.
Hemodynamics parameters measured by right heart catheterization at follow-up
| Paitent (no.) | RAP (mmHg) | PASP (mmHg) | CO (L/min) | SaO2 (%) | PVR (Wood U) | SVR (Wood U) | PVR/SVR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 11/6/9 | 55/18/36 | 6.0 | 98 | 3.83 | 13.33 | 0.29 |
| 3 | 15/8/11 | 139/47/82 | 5.6 | 94.3 | 12.68 | 14.29 | 0.88 |
| 4 | 12/1/6 | 136/54/86 | 5.9 | 92.2 | 12.54 | 15.67 | 0.80 |
RAP right atrium pressure, PASP pulmonary artery systolic pressure, CO cardiac output, SaO2 systemic arterial oxygen saturation, PVR pulmonary vascular resistance, SVR systemic vascular resistance
Table 6.
RV diameter, WHO FC,6MWD and PAH-targeted drugs at the last follow-up
| Paitent (no.) | RV diameter (mm) | WHO FC | 6MWD (m) | PAH-targeted drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 * 25 | I | 550 | – |
| 2 | 55 * 28 | I | 500 | Ambrisentan |
| 3 | 65 * 40 | II | 440 | Bosentan, tadalafil |
| 4 | 59 * 39 | II | 490 | Macitentan,tadalafil |
RV right ventricle, WHO FC WHO functional class, 6MWD six-minute walking distances
Discussion
CHDs patients with ES were previously considered to have irreversible pulmonary hypertension. Isolated correction of the cardiac defect in patients with ES has typically been considered as contraindication [11]. Historically, management options for patients with ES have been limited to palliative measures or heart–lung transplantation. The recent introduction of targeted therapies in PAH has led to a renewed insight in the pathophysiology and treatment of ES [11, 12]. Considering ES patients maintain some degree of pulmonary vasoreactivity despite the presence of obstructive pulmonary hypertension [13], ES patients using a diagnostic treatment and repair strategy are amenable to receive surgery or TCC after successful treatment with advanced therapy, but no proof of its efficacy has really been shown in large-scale studies [14–16]. Our study indicated that some selected PDA-ES patients might be amenable to and benefit from TCC over a long follow-up period. Uninterrupted combination of PAH-targeted drugs before and after occlusion play a crucial role especially for the high-risk PDA-ES patients.
It is strongly recommended that PAH-targeted therapies [17–19] for a sufficient period of time to assess the hemodynamic and symptomatic response before closure [13, 14]. Supomo et al. [20] described a atrial septal defect(ASD)-ES female with highly symptomatic PAH(NYHA class III, mean PAP 77 mmHg, PVR 4 Wood U) underwent occlusion successfully after oral beraprost for 2 years. After surgery her mean PAP decrease to 38 mmHg with PVR of 2.52 Wood U. Hu et al. [21] reported a ventricular septal defect (VSD)-ES patient with initial PVR of 18.84 Wood U underwent a successful operation after oral bosentan treatment for 12 weeks, as a result of which her PVR decreased to 9.63 Wood U. Four PDA patients in our study were all ES with higher PASP and PVR, indicating that initial combination of PAH-targeted drugs for 1 year at least may provide ES patients a better occlusion opportunity. Especially for ES patients as case 3 and 4 with baseline PVR > 15Wood U and Qp/Qs < 1.5, initial dual or triple combination of PAH-target drugs for a longer period of time before occlusion are needed to be taken into account.
Selecting ES patients who can be treated with TCC is an important issue that needs to be addressed. The correction indications for PDA patients with severe PAH are not uniformly defined, including pulmonary artery vasoreactivity and/or the presence of Qp/Qs at least 1.5 to 1.0 [2, 10]. A strength of the this study is that all of our patients were classified as ES according to the recent definition [10], the Qp/Qs of the four patients improved significantly and Qp/Qs > 1.5 following pulmonary vasoreactivity testing were identified with preserved pulmonary vasodilation, which may be deemed candidates for pulmonary vasodilator therapy and TCC.Of note, after PAH-targeted therapy, significant fall of PASP during trial occlusion indicates a likelihood for final TCC [22, 23]. Yan et al. [24] reported successful occlusion in twenty PDA patients with mean PASP 104 mmHg, PVR 9.1 Wood U and Qp/Qs 2.1. A decrease of > 25% in PASP following trial occlusion was used as the criterion for occlusion. Thanopoulos et al. [25] reported a decrease of > 30% in PASP as occlusion criterion in seven PDA patients with Qp/Qs ≥ 2.0. Considering our four patients were all ES patients with higher PASP and lower Qp/Qs, our occlusion criteria were stricter. TCC was performed if all the following criteria were met: (1) a drop of ≥ 40% in PASP; (2) no decrease in AOP; (3) an increase in SaO2. During the follow-up, PASP of case 1,2 decreased further while the other two rose again, therefore the most optimal occlusion criteria were still needed further explored in a larger sample size.
During the long-term follow-up, our four patients displayed improved WHO FC and 6MWD. The PASP of Case 2 deteriorated after interruption of targeted therapy. However, the PASP improved gradually after receiving PAH-targeted therapy again, indicating the PAH of Case 2 was partially reversible thus targeted therapy could not be discontinued after TCC. Monotherapy would be adoptable needing to be maintained for a long or life-long period. The deteriorated PASPs of Case 3 and 4 indicated the two patients had inadequate PAH-targeted therapy or they might have irreversible pulmonary vascular lesions, therefore more aggressive targeted therapy is needed before and after intervention. Our result suggested uninterrupted dual or triple combination of targeted drugs including oral and intravenous or subcutaneous prostacyclin analogues are also considered for these high-risk PDA-ES patients after TCC. It is worth noting that PVRs of Cases 3 and 4 decreasing at follow-up in our study suggested improvement of right cardiac function after TCC and pulmonary vasodilator therapy. In general, in spite of initial positive pulmonary vasoreactivity testing and improved hemodynamic status after PAH-targeted therapy, TCC should be performed with caution for such special individuals.
Study limitations
There are three main limitations in our study. First, the major limitation of the study was the small sample which limited its power. Second, PASP was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography rather than RHC in most follow-up time. Third, standard pulmonary vasoreactivity testing should include inhaled nitric oxide in addition to 100% oxygen whereas nitric oxide was not used in our study.
Conclusion
PDA-ES patients whose PVR ≥ 15Wood U at baseline and Qp/Qs > 1.5 on oxygen study might be amenable to and benefit from TCC, after extended period of targeted pulmonary vasodilator therapy up to 1 year. Uninterrupted dual or triple combination of PAH-targeted drugs pre-and post-occlusion play a vital role especially for the high-risk PDA-ES patients.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- PDA
Patent ductus arteriosus
- ES
Eisenmenger syndrome
- TCC
Transcatheter closure
- PASP
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure
- CHDs
Congenital heart defects
- PVR
Pulmonary vascular resistance
- PAH
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
- 6MWD
Six-minute walking distance
- WHO FC
World Health Organization functional class
- RHC
Right heart catheterization
- RAP
Right atrial pressure
- PAP
Pulmonary artery pressure
- PAWP
Pulmonary artery wedge pressure
- CO
Cardiac output
- SvO2
Mixed venous oxygen generation
- Qp/Qs
Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio
- PVR
Pulmonary vascular resistance
- SVR
Systemic vascular resistance
- AOP
Aortic pressure
- SaO2
Systemic arterial oxygen saturation
- O2
Oxygen
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by JX, LW, LG and YLS. The first draft of the manuscript was written by JX, LW. FDC was responsible for the revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This study received funding from Top-level Clinical Discipline Project of Shanghai Pudong District (PWYgf2018-02). Funding support was used to collect, analyze the data and the travel-related expenses for patient follow-up.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used in the case are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shanghai east hospital affiliated to Tongji University. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to data collection
Consent for publication
Written informed consents were obtained from the patients for publication of this study. The copy of the written consents was available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Jing Xu and Liang Wang contribute equally to this article
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
The datasets used in the case are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.