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. 2020 Oct 30;8(11):1696. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8111696

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Nature of the unpigmented strain. (A) Mechanism of luxI/luxR regulation of violacein production and inability to develop pigmentation in natural ΔluxR isolate. LuxR binds with exogenous AHL and activates LuxI production; LuxI syntheses endogenous AHL; increasing AHL concentration amplify AHL-QS signaling loop; increasing concentration of LuxR-AHL complex activates the vioABCDE operon and bacteria produce violacein. In case of the ΔluxR strain, AHL signaling is interrupted and vioABCDE is not active. Unpigmented natural isolate of C. vaccinii has deletion of luxR and 1-5 protein-coding genes. (B) Inability of natural ΔluxR isolate to produce violacein in a mixed biofilm colony model. Biofilm colonies formed by pigmented strain (luxR); mix of pigmented and unpigmented strains (luxR + ΔluxR); unpigmented strain (ΔluxR). Mixed biofilm colony has clear patterns of pigmented and unpigmented zones, which indicates the inability of ΔluxR strain to respond and amplify AHL-QS signal and produce violacein in a mixed bacterial population. Picture was created with BioRender.com.