Abstract
Background:
One of the major causes of various work-related health problems among nurses is occupational stress. Hence, the main purpose of the present research was to find association between occupational stress of nurses and risk factors of cardiovascular disease.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, the Osipow job stress questionnaire was employed to assess the occupational stress among the 250 nurses in Emam Khomeini hospital of Tehran in 2018. Based on stress score for participants, subjects divided into two groups: Scoring of group one was 60–179 (mild and average stress) and group two between 180 and 300 (average to acute and acute stress). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded for subjects after 10hrs fasting. Then the blood samples were collected to measure cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels. For determining the association between education level, job experience and study groups, the Chi-square test and for comparing job stress between two groups of study the Mann–Whitney U test was used.
Results:
Subjects with job stress in group one was 70(28%) and group two was 180(72%). The association between level of education and two study groups was not significant (P=0.129) while between job experience and two study groups was significant (P=0.004). Mean of Blood glucose levels for group I (98.0± 37.5), was higher than group II (82.5±12.0) and statistically significant (P=0.001). No significant difference was found between two groups of study for other parameters.
Conclusion:
High level of work-related stress among subjects affected the values related to blood glucose level, but no significant relationship was found between other risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and occupational stress among nurses.
Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases, Occupational stress, Nurses
Introduction
Variety of risk factors can influence the incidence of cardiovascular disease and its related high rates of mortality (1–3). Accordingly, most countries and health care organizations struggle with these disturbing diseases (4, 5).
Possibility of developing such disorders can rise under the influence of a variety of risk factors. The incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases is also influenced largely by these risk factors (6), resulting in higher mortality rate. Some of these factors are smoking, lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, weight gain, hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia (7, 8).
Stress caused by job status imposes physical and psychological tension due to lack of coordination between expectations of person and objective or cognitive demands of the jobs (9).
Chronic health problems such as cardiovascular diseases can occur because of occupational stress (10). Therefore, this issue has led researchers toward investigating the association between stress, including its occupational type, and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (11, 12); numerous evidence in this regard are available, as well as on correlation between occupational stress and hypertension and heart disease (10, 13), or between psychosocial stress and cardiovascular diseases (14).
Nurses are at risk of stress related disease (9). Nurses Stress rose from busy working schedule, interprofessional conflict and their responsibilities and stress relationship with the disease is well documented (15,16). Stress situation is affected on burnout and quality of work of nurses (17,18). On the other hand, work condition has high effect on health. Iranian nurses have different situation from developed countries. Therefore, it’s maybe related to some disease. This study aimed to evaluate relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors and job-related stress in stressed nurses. Understanding prevalence and underlying factors associated with such disorders could decrease spread of these disorders and planning prevention programs (10).
Materials and Methods
This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 2018 on nurses in Imam Khomeni hospital of Tehran who had minimum three years of job experience as inclusion criteria.
The sample size was estimated at 250 with confidence level of 95% and error level of 5%. Demographic characteristics and job related stress information were collected through a questionnaire by interview. The occupational stress was assessed via Osipow job stress questionnaire (reviewed in 1998) with approved validity and reliability in other studies, consisting 60 questions in six subscales. The responses were scored as 5 points Likert scale from one to five. The questionnaire’s manual was employed to calculate total score and to interpret, as follows:
Scores of 60–119 for trivial stress, 120–179 for moderate stress, 180–239 for moderate to acute stress and 240–300 for acute stress. The population were assigned into two groups, the first group included trivial and trivial-moderate stress and the second group consisted of moderate-acute and acute stress according to the results of Osipow questionnaire (16).
To study the association between job experience and occupational stress, the data on educational level and job experience were collected using a questionnaire. The height and weight of the participants were also measured. Mean of the two consecutive tests was considered as the result. Time of the last meal before systolic and diastolic blood pressure determination was recorded. Then blood samples were collected to measure cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels using an automatic analyzer. Exclusion criteria were diabetes, history of heart diseases and history of taking medications for hypertension and hyperlipidemia (6).
For specifying data normality the Kolmogorov– Smirnov test was applied. To investigate the association between education level, job experience and study groups, the Chi-square test was used. According to the normality result the Mann– Whitney U test was done for comparing of job stress between two groups of study. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16.0 software (Chicago, IL, USA).
Ethical Approval
Ethical consideration by University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences ethical committee (code: IR.USWR.REC.1396.374) and plagiarism have been observed by the authors.
Results
Overall, 30(12%) of participants had high school, 168(67.2%) had diploma, 33(13.2%) were with associate degree and 19(7.6%) had Bachelor degree. The job experience was 11–20 yr among 60(24%) of cases, 1–10 yr among 120(48%) of them and 20 yr or over among 70(28%) of subjects. The mean work hours was 14±4 hours and 59(23.6%) of participants were smokers. The biochemical tests results were as follows: cholesterol of 28 (11.2%) over 250 mg/dL and triglyceride level of 17 (6.8%) over 245 mg/dL, as well as systolic blood pressure of 11 (4.4%) over 145mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of 13 (5.2%) over 95mmHg.
Stress intensities among the study subjects according to OSIPOW job stress questionnaire to 10 (4%) participants was mild, to 60 (24%) persons were average, and to 165 (66%) was average to acute; accordingly, 70 (28%) participants were assigned to Group I and 128 (72%) to Group II (Table 1).
Table 1:
Distribution of occupational stress prevalence in the nurses
| Stress intensity | Group study | n (%) | Stress intensity | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild Stress and Average stress | One (I) | 70 (28%) | Mild Stress | 10 (4%) |
| Average stress | 60 (24%) | |||
| Average to acute stress and Acute stress | Two (II) | 180 (72%) | Average to acute | 165 (66%) |
| Acute | 15 (6%) | |||
| Total | 250 (100%) | 250 (100%) |
According to Table 2 no significant association was found between educational level and job stress (P=0.219), while between job stress and job experience the association was significant (P=0.004) based on the results of Chi-square test.
Table 2:
Cross tabulation of education level, job experience and study groups
| Parameter | Group I* | Group II** | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Level of education | n (%) | n (%) | |
| High school | 13 (18.57) | 17(9.44) | 0.129 |
| Diploma | 47(67.15) | 121(67.22) | |
| Associate degree | 7(10) | 26(14.44) | |
| Bachelor degree | 3(4.28) | 16(8.90) | |
| Job experience | |||
| 1–10 | 25 (35.71) | 95(52.78) | 0.004 |
| 11–20 | 15(20.43) | 45(25) | |
| >20 | 30(42.86) | 40(22.22) |
Trivial and trivial-average stress
Average-acute and acute stress
Table 3 shows smoking rate per day between two groups was not significance (P=0.719). The blood glucose levels for group I was 98.0± 37.5 and for group two was 82.5±12.0, that difference between them statistically was significant (P=0.001). However the difference of blood Triglycerides levels between two groups was not significant (P=0.215), as well as for blood cholesterol levels (P=0.405), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.380) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.213).
Table 3:
Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors among study groups
| Risk factor | Group I * | Group II ** | P-value *** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking rate (per day) | 2.36±15.2 | 3.07±10.41 | 0.719 |
| Blood glucose levels | 98.0± 37.5 | 82.5±12.0 | 0.001 |
| Blood Triglycerides levels | 178.44±106.8 | 160.5±88.9 | 0.215 |
| Blood Cholesterol levels | 187.41±37.43 | 182.80±43.21 | 0.405 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 78.87±13.52 | 77.28±10.7 | 0.380 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 120.17±18.22 | 117.18±12.81 | 0.213 |
Trivial and trivial-average stress
Average-acute and acute stress
From Mann–Whitney U test
Discussion
Results demonstrated a relatively high rate of job stress as 75.5% of subjects were suffering from different stress levels. Smoking had no significant association with the level of stress perceived by the subjects (20). Results indicated a significant correlation between job stress and blood glucose level.
No association was found among work-related stress on the one hand and educational level and work experience on the other hand. Work experience had stronger correlation with work-related stress compared to stress and CVD risk factors, except for glucose. Due to the inconsistency among the results, further investigations are required in this field. Blood glucose had significant relationship job stress but no relationship between stress and other CVD risk factors (21), although a study evaluated association between occupational stress and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in locomotive operators(6), however, stress related to high level of cholesterol in locomotive operators despite our study. Approximately 23% of subjects of a study entitled “Healthy Blood” conducted in 1997 in Tehran, Iran, showed high diastolic blood pressure (22).
The findings obtained from the current research are less reliable because of its cross-sectional nature in comparison to the other studies considered the long-term study durations. Hence, we cannot generalize our results and not be able to accurately justify the non-significant correlations between work-related stress and CVD risk factors. Similar studies are performed to take into account the long-term durations for understanding the true relationship and to obtain authentic results.
Conclusion
Most nurses as a study unit in our study were suffering from high occupational stress. Despite this issue, the results showed no significant relationship between work-related stress and cardiovascular disease risk factors except blood glucose. The cross-sectional nature of our study and young age of the participants on average were leading causes affecting our results.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to thank honorable participation of all people who helped conduct the study.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
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