Abstract
Background
Early diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is critical. The WatchPAT (WP) device was shown to be accurate for the diagnosis of sleep apnea; however, studies using the WatchPAT device have thus far excluded patients with arrhythmias due to the potential effect of arrhythmias on the peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) amplitude and pulse rate changes.
Purpose
To examine the accuracy of the WP in detecting sleep apnea in patients with AF.
Patients and Methods
Patients with AF underwent simultaneous WP and PSG studies in 11 sleep centers. PSG scoring was blinded to the automatically analyzed WP data.
Results
A total of 101 patients with AF (70 males) were recruited. Forty-six had AF episodes during the overnight sleep study. A significant correlation was found between the PSG-derived AHI and the WP- derived AHI (r=0.80, p<0.0001). There was a good agreement between PSG-derived AHI and WP-derived AHI (mean difference of AHI: -0.02±13.2). Using a threshold of AHI ≥15 per hour of sleep, the sensitivity and specificity of the WP were 0.88 and 0.63, respectively. The overall accuracy in sleep staging between WP and PSG was 62% with Kappa agreement of 0.42.
Conclusion
WP can detect sleep apnea events in patients with AF. AF should not be an exclusion criterion for using the device. This finding may be of even greater importance in the era of the COVID19 epidemic, when sleep labs were closed and most studies were home based.
Keywords: home sleep apnea test, WatchPAT, obstructive sleep apnea, atrial fibrillation
Introduction
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder increasingly recognized as a risk for cardiovascular disease. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. AF is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.1 Sleep apnea is highly prevalent in patients with AF with prevalence estimations ranging from 49% to 62%.2,3 Moreover, several studies have shown that AF recurrence after electrical cardioversion is higher among patients with sleep apnea4–6 and sleep apnea treatment leads to 40% reduction in the risk of AF recurrence.7,8 Sleep apnea is also an independent predictor of stroke in patients with AF9 and reduces the efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy.10–12 Indeed, sleep apnea has been recognized as one of the important modifiable risk factors for AF with the acknowledgement that early diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea in this population of patients can reduce morbidity and mortality.8,13
The accepted gold standard for sleep apnea diagnosis is polysomnography (PSG); however, access to PSG is limited. Home Sleep Apnea Testing (HSAT) have been therefore developed for the detection of sleep apnea.14 The recent COVID19 epidemic further emphasized the importance of the ability to diagnose sleep disordered breathing in the home. Many sleep labs were closed, and most studies were home based. The WatchPAT (peripheral arterial tonometry; WP) technology is a viable alternative to PSG for confirmation of clinically suspected sleep apnea15 that is based on peripheral arterial tone signal’s amplitude and rate, oxygen saturation and actigraphy. The WP provides accurate sleep/wake and REM/NREM discrimination together with non-REM categorization into deep and light sleep.16–18 In addition, the WP provides accurate measurements of snoring and body position. It has recently been shown to be able to distinct obstructive from central sleep apnea.19
The WP device has been shown to be accurate for the diagnosis of sleep apnea; however, studies using the WP device have thus far excluded patients with arrhythmias due to the potential effect of arrhythmias on the peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) amplitude and rate changes. Since arrhythmias in general and AF in particular are quite common in patients with OSA, understanding the accuracy of the WP in detecting sleep apnea in these patients is of substantial importance. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to examine the utility of the WP in detecting sleep apnea in patients with AF.
Patients and Methods
This was a multicenter study. Participants were recruited as part of a larger study at 11 Medical Centers (US, Canada, Germany and Israel). Full in-lab PSG and WP200U (Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel) were conducted simultaneously. External experienced PSG technologist who was blinded to the automatic scoring analysis of the WP manually scored the PSG. The WP signals were analyzed using its automatic software (for more details about the WP technology and automatic analysis see references: 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29). Comparisons between the manual PSG scoring results and the WP automatic scoring analysis were conducted. We confirm that all sites obtained ethical approvals and that the study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The list of sites:
Souraski Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Center of Sleep and Chronobiology, Toronto, ON, Canada
UF Health Sleep Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Soroka Medical Center, Be’er Sheva, Israel
Kaiser Permanente Fontana Medical Center, Fontana, CA, USA
Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Sleep Medicine Center, Berlin, Germany.
Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
The inclusion criteria for this subgroup included: 1. Patients who were previously diagnosed with AF (permanent, persistent or paroxysmal) and suspected to have sleep apnea, 2. Age between 17 and 90, 3. Subject able to read, understand and sign the informed consent, 4. Willing to sleep with the WP device and the PSG simultaneously in the sleep lab.
Exclusion criteria included: finger deformity that precluded adequate sensor appliance, use of short acting nitrates for less than 3 hours before the study and use of alpha blockers.
Polysomnography
In the present study, the reference used for comparison was in-lab PSG. In-lab PSG was FDA-approved from multiple manufacturers used in the eleven study sites, all according to the site regular clinical practice and compliant with accepted standards. Manual scoring was conducted according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines.20 Moderate-severe sleep apnea was defined as AHI ≥15/hour.
WatchPAT System
The WP system is a home testing (HSAT) system that is grounded on a wrist-worn device with a finger probe that obtains Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT) signals and oxygen saturation levels, a snoring and body position sensor that is positioned under the sternal notch and accelerometer that is embedded in the wrist unit. The WP algorithm detects respiratory (apnea/hypopnea) events, sleep/wake status, and determines sleep stages.
As previously described,21,22 the WP finger probe measures changes in vascular tone at the fingertip. These changes are controlled by α-adrenergic receptors of vascular smooth muscle of the finger vascular bed and thus reflect sympathetic nervous system activity of the patient.23 The WP measures these changes in the vascular tone at the fingertip, with transient vasoconstriction events and increase pulse rate associated with sympathetic activation that typically terminates respiratory events.21
The autonomic basis for the transient events of vasoconstriction provides a sensitive and accurate method for detecting arousals, that are noticeably more sensitive than electroencephalographically detected cortical arousals. These autonomic subcortical arousals are more sensitive markers of arousal than EEG, even in children.24 Subcortical arousals are of particular importance in adults, in whom significant percentage of respiratory events are not associated with cortical arousals but rather related to subcortical autonomic arousals. Indeed, 10%–25% of actual apneic events were not related to cortical arousals.25
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics are presented as mean (SD) or count (%) as applicable. The AHI obtained from the WP device and from PSG were compared as descriptive statistics and compared using Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman. Sensitivity and specificity of the WP in diagnosis moderate-severe sleep apnea were compared to the PSG, ROC and AUC were used. Agreement of sleep stages measured by WP vs PSG was computed using overall agreement and kappa level of agreement.
Results
A total of 101 patients with AF (70 males) were included in the analysis. Of those, 12 had permanent AF, 15 had persistent AF, 46 had paroxysmal AF and 28 had unknown type recorded on their medical history. Subject’s characteristics of the entire cohort and comparisons between males and females are presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences between males and females. Of the 101 patients recruited, 46 had AF episodes during the overnight sleep study, as detected from an ECG channel recorded in the PSG and analyzed by certified ECG interpreter. Of those, 38 (83%) had AF throughout the entire night and 8 (17%) had AF only part of the night. The presence of AF did not cause significant non-valid PAT signal. The mean excluded sleep time was 4.4% in the 46 patients with active AF compared with 6.4% in patients without active AF.
Table 1.
Subjects Characteristics for the Entire Cohort (n=101), and with Comparisons Between Males (n=70) and Females (n=31) and Between Patients with (n=46) and Without AF During the Night (n=55)
| Total n=101 | Male n=70 | Female n=31 | P (Gender) | Patient Without AF During Night N=55 | Patient with AF During Night N=46 | P (AF) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years; mean±SD) range | 68±12 17–48 |
68.7±12.3 | 68.1±10.5 | 0.811 | 66±12 | 71 ±11 | 0.042 |
| BMI (kg/M2; mean±SD) range | 31±5.2 22–87 |
30.6±4.9 | 31.2±5.9 | 0.570 | 30±4.7 | 32± 5.5 | 0.054 |
| Hyperlipidemia (n; %) | 71 (72) | 51 (75) | 20 (64.5) | 0.283 | 37 (68.5) | 34 (76) | 0.439 |
| Hypertension (n; %) | 80 (79) | 54 (77) | 26 (84) | 0.442 | 44 (80) | 36 (78) | 0.830 |
| Pulmonary hypertension (n;%) | 6 (6.2) | 4 (6.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.895 | 3 (5.8) | 3 (6.7) | 0.855 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (n; %) | 42 (42) | 28 (41) | 14 (47) | 0.573 | 20 (37) | 22 (49) | 0.235 |
| Congestive Heart Failure (n; %) | 59 (59) | 41 (59) | 18 (58) | 0.899 | 30 (56) | 29 (63) | 0.448 |
| Antiarrhythmic medication (n; %) | 84 (83) | 61 (87) | 23 (74) | 0.109 | 46 (84) | 38 (83) | 0.891 |
| Anticoagulant treatment (n; %) | 90 (89) | 60 (86) | 30 (97) | 0.100 | 50 (91) | 40 (87) | 0.525 |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index.
The mean AHI derived from the PSG of the entire cohort was 34.0±20.3 (range: 0.9–90.1) and the mean AHI derived from the WP device was 34.1±21.2 (range: 4.1–88.9). As shown in Figure 1, a significant correlation was found between the PSG-derived AHI and the WP-derived AHI (r=0.80, p<0.0001). This correlation remained significant for the 46 subjects experiencing AF episodes during the sleep study (r=0.8, p<0.01) and for the 38 subjects experiencing AF throughout the entire night (r=0.82, p<0.01). This correlation was also significant for the 84 subjects using antiarrhythmic medications (r=0.82, p<0.01).
Figure 1.
Correlation between AHI assessed by PSG and by the WP for the entire cohort of 101 subjects with AF (red dots: patients with AF during the night, blue dots: patients without AF during the night).
Figure 2 shows the Bland-Altman plot used to assess the agreement between PSG-derived AHI and WP-derived AHI. Mean difference of AHI between the two systems was −0.02±13.2. Using paired test analysis, no difference was found between PSG-derived AHI and WP-derived AHI (p=0.99). Subgroup analysis, including only subjects with active AF episodes or only subjects using antiarrhythmic medications, also showed no significant difference between the AHI of the 2 systems (p=0.21 and p=0.998, respectively).
Figure 2.
The Bland-Altman plot assessing the agreement between PSG-derived AHI and WP-derived AHI for the entire cohort (red dots: patients with AF during the night, blue dots: patients without AF during the night).
Using a threshold of AHI≥15 per hour of sleep, the sensitivity and specificity of the WP for all 101 subjects were 0.88 and 0.63, respectively, with PPV of 0.91 and NPV of 0.55. For the 46 subjects that had AF during the night, the sensitivity and specificity, were 0.84 and 0.5, respectively (PPV of 0.89 and NPV of 0.4). Figure 3 shows the ROC curve for WP-derived AHI to identify patients with AHI ≥15 per hour of sleep for both the entire cohort and only for patients who had AF during the night. The area under the curve was 0.85 for the entire group and 0.81 for the patients with AF.
Figure 3.
ROC curve for WP-derived AHI to identify patients with AHI ≥15 per hour of sleep (red dots: patients with AF during the night, blue dots: patients without AF during the night).
The overall accuracy in sleep staging between WP and PSG based on epoch-by-epoch comparison was 62% with Kappa agreement of 0.42. Of note, the accuracy in sleep staging in patients without AF episodes during the night was 63.4% with Kappa agreement of 0.45.
Discussion
The rising burden of AF has raised the need for strategies aiming to lower the risk of AF development and progression. Sleep apnea has been recognized as one of the important modifiable risk factors for AF with the recognition that early diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea in this population of patients is critical.13 Early diagnosis of sleep apnea in this population can lead to early intervention with reduction of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, international professional societies recommend screening patients with AF for sleep apnea.26,27
The findings of the present study indicate that the WP technology which is an HSAT can detect sleep apnea events in patients with AF with and without nocturnal active AF episodes with accuracy similar to its accuracy in the general population.15 These findings suggest that the WP, a simple-to apply and minimally disruptive ambulatory sleep testing device, can be used for diagnosis when sleep apnea is suspected in patients with AF.
In the general population, HSAT has gained popularity due to the limited availability of the gold standard in lab PSG. Since the WP wrist-worn device was introduced in the early 2000s, there has been much clinical research to assess the accuracy and feasibility of the technology for identifying sleep apnea.21,22,28–30 The WP technology has been shown to be an accurate alternative to PSG with high correlation and good agreement of AHI with attended in lab PSG.28–31 The present multicenter study indicates that the WP technology can be used for the diagnosis of sleep apnea in patients with AF.
In previous WP validation studies, patients with arrhythmias were excluded due to a concern regarding its accuracy in the presence of non-sinus rhythms. This concern was originated from the WP algorithm detecting respiratory events based on the combination of peripheral/digital arterial vasoconstriction, oxygen saturation and pulse rate. The findings of the present study indicate that this concern was not justified and that the WP technology is able to detect sleep apnea events and to provide reasonably analyses of sleep stages in AF patients similar to the general population. Moreover, we show that the presence of AF events during the night or the use of antiarrhythmic drugs did not decrease the precision of this technology. In fact, the presence of AF episodes throughout the night had no significant effect on the PAT signal or the time used in the analysis (4.4% in the 46 patients with active AF compared with 6.4% in patients without active AF). Therefore, a diagnosis of AF, the use of antiarrhythmic medications and even active AF episodes throughout the night should not be an exclusion criterion for using the WP device. Nevertheless, as in any ambulatory testing, irrespective of the presence of AF, cases of high clinical suspicious for OSA with normal HSAT results should be referred to a formal in lab polysomnography.
In the present study, we assessed the agreement between WP and PSG according to the AASM scoring guidelines (using the recommended scoring of hypopnea: 3% oxygen desaturation or the event is associated with an arousal). Using a threshold of AHI≥15 per hour of sleep, the sensitivity and specificity of the WP for the entire cohort of patients with AF were 0.88 and 0.63, respectively, and the area under the curve of the ROC curve for identifying AHI ≥15 was 0.85. Similarly, the overall agreement in sleep staging between WP and PSG in our cohort was 62% with Kappa agreement of 0.42, which is very close to the accuracy found in the general population.16
Effective and accurate diagnostic tools that are easy to use with less dependence on skilled technologists could increase the availability of testing in patients with AF and the willingness of patients to undergo sleep study as patients prefer home-sleep studies to attended studies.32 Since the identification of sleep apnea in patients with AF is clinically crucial and treatment of sleep apnea can reduce morbidity and mortality, the addition of the WP technology as an alternative sleep testing at home may improve the management of these patients. As AF and sleep apnea are both chronic conditions, our findings showing the ability of the WP to detect sleep apnea is these patients irrespective of the use of anti-arrhythmic therapy may facilitate the overall management of these patients. The fact that the WP is a simple-to-apply and minimally disruptive ambulatory device makes it also suitable for repeated sleep studies throughout the course of disease if clinically indicated.
The limitations of the current study are the inclusion of patients with AF only and no other arrhythmias. Therefore, the results of the present study cannot be generalized for other arrhythmias. Another limitation is the fact that out of the 101 participants diagnosed with AF, only 46 subjects had AF episodes during the overnight sleep study. However, we think that our cohort of patients with the diagnosis of AF reflects well the population of patients with AF in which the majority of patients have paroxysmal events. Another limitation is the imbalance of subjects under and above 15 events/hour. In addition, the current study focused on OSA diagnosis in the presence of AF, and not on sleep times or stages which were previously published.16,17 Potentially, AF could have changed the accuracy of WP-based sleep time and stages scoring. However, we believe that the scored sleep times by PSG and WP are already taken into consideration as the denominator for the SDB indices calculated. Finally, the WP was not tested in the home environment where it is intended to be used.
Conclusion
The findings of the present study suggest that WP can successfully detect sleep apnea events in patients with AF and that AF should not be an exclusion criterion for using the device.
Disclosure
Thomas Penzel reports grants from Itamar, Cidelec, and Resmed and grants and personal fees from Philips, and Löwenstein Medical, during the conduct of the study; and is a shareholder of Advanced Sleep Research, Somnico, and The Siestagroup, outside the submitted work. Giora Pillar reports grants from Itamar Medical, during the conduct of the study. The authors report no other potential conflicts of interest in this work.
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