Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Mycology logoLink to Mycology
. 2020 Aug 18;11(4):306–315. doi: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1801873

Novel species of Pestalotiopsis fungi on Dracaena from Thailand

Napalai Chaiwan a,✉, Dhanushka N Wanasinghe b, Ausana mapook a, Ruvishika S Jayawardena a, Chada Norphanphoun a, Kevin D Hyde a,c,✉
PMCID: PMC7723021  PMID: 33329926

ABSTRACT

A survey of the diversity and distribution of microfungi on Dracaena leaf litter in Songkhla Province (Thailand) yielded two collections of pestalotiopsis-like fungi. Analyses of a combined ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 sequence data matrix were applied to infer the phylogenetic position of these new isolates in Pestalotiopsis. The phylogenies indicated that these two isolates were monophyletic and constituted a distinct lineage that perceived a taxonomic novelty in Pestalotiopsis. This clade shared a close phylogenetic affinity with P. adusta, P. krabiensis, P. pandanicola and P. papuana. The comparison of morphological features with the phylogenetically closely related taxa are given and the new species is introduced as Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola sp. nov. with comprehensive descriptions and illustrations herein.

KEYWORDS: 1 new taxon, multigene, phylogeny, saprobe, taxonomy

Introduction

Dracaena is a monocotyledon belonging to the family Agavaceae that are used as ornamentals, herbs or medicinal plants (Pires et al. 2004). Dracaena consists of about 550–600 species in 18 genera including various shrubs and trees (Pires et al. 2004; Mabberley 2008). Species of Dracaena are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropical regions of the world. In Europe and Canada, most Dracaena plants are cultivated as ornamentals (Ilodibia et al. 2015). Dracaena marginata an important ornamental plant exported as a popular houseplant, has been shown to reduce the levels of formaldehyde in the air (Jaminson 2012). Robiansyah and Hajar (2017) have shown that there is a decline in the population of D. ombet throughout its native ranges due to overgrazing, disease by pathogens, human overexploitation, and climate change. The conservation actions for these species are hindered due to poor information about their natural enemies. The plant associated fungi which can be pathogens/opportunistic pathogens, may directly relevant with quarantine measures when the plant is exported as ornamentals to different regions. In contrast to the detailed studies on other hosts such as grasses, bamboo and palms in Thailand, information is still limited on Dracaena based fungi. Some taxa occurring on dead leaves of Dracaena are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (D. sanderiana) (Stevenson 1975), Gloeosporium sp. (D. reflexa) (Giatgong 1980), Ophioceras chiangdaoense (D. loureiroi) (Thongkantha et al. 2009), Parapallidocercospora thailandica (D. loureiroi) (Hyde et al. 2016) and Phaeosphaeriopsis dracaenicola (Dracaena loureiroi) (Phookamsak et al. 2014). There have been two Pestalotiopsis species reported on Dracaena fragrans: P. affinis Y.X. Chen & G. Wei and P. dracaenea Yong Wang bis, Yu Song, K. Geng & K.D. Hyde.

We are investigating the microfungi associated with monocotyledons in Thailand which has a high species diversity (Dai et al. 2017; Hyde et al. 2018; Tibpromma et al. 2018). In this paper we introduce a novel species in Pestalotiopsis from Dracaena based on morphology coupled with multigene phylogeny.

Materials and methods

Isolates and morphology

Dracaena leaf litter was collected from Songkhla Province in Thailand during May 2018. Collected samples were brought to the laboratory in plastic bags. Specimens were observed with a stereomicroscope (Motic SMZ-171). Mycelia or spore mass from specimens was directly isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 25–30°C. The culture was transferred to new PDA plates. Cultures were grown for 2–4 weeks and morphological characters, such as colour, colony and texture were recorded. The culture characteristics were photographed with a Canon EOS 600D digital camera fitted to a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni compound microscope. Measurements of morphological structures were taken from the widest and the longest parts of each structure. Whenever possible, more than 20 measurements were made. The lengths and widths were measured using the Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work programme and images used for figures processed with Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended v. 10.0 (Adobe Systems, USA).

The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University (Herb. MFLU) and Culture Collection of Mae Fah Luang University (MFLUCC), Chiang Rai, Thailand. Facesoffungi and Index Fungorum numbers were submitted (Jayasiri et al. 2015; Index Fungorum 2020). New taxa were justified based on guidelines outlined by Jeewon and Hyde (2016).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Fungal isolates were grown on PDA media at 25–30°C for 4 weeks. Mycelium was scraped and transferred into 1.5 ml micro centrifuge tubes for genomic DNA extractions. The E.Z.N.A. Forensic DNA Kit (OMEGA® biotek) was used to extract DNA from fungal mycelium. Three loci were amplified, beta-tubulin (TUB2) with primers Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995); internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA (ITS: ITS5/ITS4) (White et al. 1990) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1-α: EF1-728 F/EF1-986 R) (Rehner and Buckley 2005).

The amplification reactions were performed in 25 μl volumes contained of 8.5 μl of sterilised H2O, 12.5 μl of Easy Taq PCR Super Mix [mixture of Easy Taq TM DNA Polymerase, dNTPs, and optimised buffer (Beijing Trans Gen Biotech Co., Chaoyang District, Beijing, PR China), 1 μl of each forward and reverse primers (10 pM) and 2 μl of DNA template (1.2 μg/ml)]. The PCR thermal cycle program for ITS and TEF1-α gene amplification was provided as initially 94°C for 3 mins, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 secs, annealing at 55°C for 50 secs, elongation at 72°C for 90 secs, and final extension at 72°C for 10 mins. The PCR thermal cycle program for TUB2 gene amplification was provided as initially 94°C for 3 mins, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 30 secs, annealing at 53°C for 30 secs, elongation at 72°C for 45 secs, and a final extension at 72°C for 90 secs. The PCR products were sent for sequencing at Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China.

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses

Separate ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 DNA sequences were subjected to BLAST search engine tool of NCBI for verification and selection of taxa for subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Taxa used in the analyses were obtained from sequence data of Pestalotiopsis and related taxa (Table 1) were downloaded from GenBank. Sequence alignments were performed in MAFFT v. 7.220 (mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server, Katoh et al. 2017) for each gene locus. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on a combined dataset of ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 sequence data. The sequence datasets were combined using BioEdit v.7.2.3 (Hall 1999). Phylogenetic analyses of both individual and combined aligned data were performed under maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference analyses (BI) criteria. Parsimony analysis was carried with the heuristic search option in PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) v. 4.0b10 with the following parameter settings: characters unordered with equal weight, random taxon addition, branch swapping with tree bisection-reconnection (TBR) algorithm, branches collapsing if the maximum branch length was zero. Alignment gaps were treated as missing characters in the analysis of the combined data set, where they occurred in relatively conserved regions. Trees were inferred using the heuristic search option with 1000 random sequence additions, with maxtrees set at 1000. Descriptive tree statistics for parsimony; Tree Length (TL), Consistency Index (CI), Retention Index (RI), Relative Consistency Index (RC) and Homoplasy Index (HI) were calculated for trees generated under different optimality criteria. The Kishino-Hasegawa tests (Kishino and Hasegawa 1989) were performed in order to determine whether trees were significantly different. Maximum parsimony bootstrap values (MP) equal or greater than 60% are given above each node (Figure 1).

Table 1.

Taxa used in the phylogenetic analyses and their corresponding GenBank numbers. The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold

Species Culture accession No GenBank accession
 Reference
ITS TUB2 TEF1-α
Pestalotiopsis adusta MFLUCC 10–0146 JX399007 JX399038 JX399071 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. adusta ICMP 6088* AF409957 JX399037 JX399070 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. aggestorum LC6301* KX895015 KX895348 KX895234 Liu et al. (2017)
P. aggestorum LC8186 KY464140 KY464160 KY464150 Liu et al. (2017)
P. anacardiacearum IFRDCC 2397* KC247154 KC247155 KC247156 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2013)
P. arceuthobii CBS 434.65* NR147561 KM199427 KM199516 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. arengae CBS 331.92* NR147560 KM199426 KM199515 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. australasiae CBS 114,126* NR147546 KM199409 KM199499 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. australasiae CBS 114,141 KM199298 KM199410 KM199501 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. australis CBS 111,503 KM199331 KM199382 KM199557 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. australis CBS 114,193 KM199332 KM199383 KM199475 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. biciliata CBS 124,463* KM199308 KM199399 KM199505 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. biciliata CBS 236.38 KM199309 KM199401 KM199506 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. biciliata CBS 790.68 KM199305 KM199400 KM199507 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. brachiata LC2988* KX894933 KX895265 KX895150 Liu et al. (2017)
P. brachiata LC8188 KY464142 KY464162 KY464152 Liu et al. (2017)
P. brassicae CBS 170.26* KM199379 – KM199558 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. camelliae CBS 443.62 KM199336 KM199424 KM199512 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. camelliae MFLUCC 12–0277* NR120188 JX399041 JX399074 Zhang et al. (2012)
P. chamaeropis CBS 113,607 KM199325 KM199390 KM199472 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. chamaeropis CBS 186.71* KM199326 KM199391 KM199473 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. clavata MFLUCC 12–0268* JX398990 JX399025 JX399056 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. colombiensis CBS 118,553* NR147551 KM199421 KM199488 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. digitalis ICMP 5434* KP781879 KP781883 – Liu et al. (2015)
P. diploclisiae CBS 115,585 KM199315 KM199417 KM199483 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. diploclisiae CBS 115,587* KM199320 KM199419 KM199486 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. diploclisiae CBS 115,449 KM199314 KM199416 KM199485 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. disseminata CBS 118,552 MH553986 MH554652 MH554410 Liu et al. (2019)
P. disseminata CBS 143,904 MH554152 MH554825 MH554587 Liu et al. (2019)
P. disseminata CPC 29,351 MH554166 MH554839 MH554601 Liu et al. (2019)
P. distincta LC3232 KX894961 KX895293 KX895178 Liu et al. (2017)
P. distincta LC8184 KY464138 KY464158 KY464148 Liu et al. (2017)
P. diversiseta MFLUCC 12–0287* JX399009 JX399040 JX399073 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. doitungensis MFLUCC 14–0090 MK993573 MK975836 MK975831 Ma et al. (2019)
P. dracaenae HGUP4037* MT596515 MT598645 MT598644 Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
P. dracaenicola MFLUCC 18–0913* MN962731 MN962732 MN962733 This study
P. dracaenicola MFLUCC 18–0914 MN962734 MN962735 MN962736 This study
P. dracontomelon MFLUCC 10–0149 KP781877 – KP781880 Liu et al. (2015)
P. ericacearum IFRDCC 2439* KC537807 KC537821 KC537814 Zhang et al. (2013)
P. formosana NTUCC 17–009* MH809381 MH809385 MH809389 Ariyawansa et al. (2018)
P. formosana NTUCC 17–010 MH809382 MH809386 MH809390 Ariyawansa et al. (2018)
P. furcata LC6303 KX895016 KX895349 KX895235 Liu et al. (2017)
P. furcata MFLUCC 12–0054* JQ683724 JQ683708 JQ683740 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2013)
P gaultheri IFRD 411–014* KC537805 KC537819 KC537812 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. gibbosa NOF 3175* LC311589 LC311590 LC311591 Watanabe et al. (2018)
P. grevilleae CBS 114,127* KM199300 KM199407 CBS114127 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. hawaiiensis CBS 114,491* NR147559 KM199428 KM199514 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. hispanica CBS 115,391 MH553981 MH554640 MH554399 Liu et al. 2019
P. hollandica CBS 265.33* NR147555 KM199388 KM199481 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. humus CBS 336.97* KM199317 KM199420 KM199484 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. inflexa MFLUCC 12–0270* JX399008 JX399039 JX399072 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. intermedia MFLUCC 12–0259* JX398993 JX399028 JX399059 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. italiana MFLUCC12_0657* KP781878 KP781882 KP781881 Liu et al. (2015)
P. jesteri CBS 109,350* KM199380 KM199468 KM199554 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. jiangxiensis LC4399* KX895009 KX895341 KX895227 Liu et al. (2017)
P. jinchanghensis LC6636 KX895028 KX895361 KX895247 Liu et al. (2017)
P. jinchanghensis LC8190* KY464144 KY464164 KY464154 Liu et al. (2017)
P. kenyana CBS 442.67* KM199302 KM199395 KM199502 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. krabiensis MFLUCC 16–0260 MH388360 MH412722 MH388395 Tibpromma et al. (2018)
P. knightiae CBS 114,138 KM199310 KM199408 KM199497 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. knightiae CBS 111,963 KM199311 KM199406 KM199495 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. leucadendri CBS 121,417 MH553987 MH554654 MH554412 Liu et al. 2019
P. licualacola HGUP 4057* KC492509 KC481683 KC481684 Ariyawansa et al. (2018)
P. linearis MFLUCC 12–0271 JX398994 JX399027 JX399060 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. lushanensis LC4344* KX895005 KX895337 KX895223 Liu et al. (2017)
P. lushanensis LC8182 KY464136 KY464156 KY464146 Liu et al. (2017)
P. macadamiae BRIP 63739a KX186678 KX18668 KX186622 Akinsanmi et al. (2017)
P. macadamiae BRIP 63738b* KX186588 KX186680 KX186620 Akinsanmi et al. (2017)
P. malayana CBS 102,220* NR147550 KM199411 KM199482 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. monochaeta CBS 144.97* KM199327 KM199386 KM199479 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. monochaeta CBS 440.83 KM199329 KM199387 KM199480 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. montellica MFLUCC 12–0279* JX399012 JX399043 JX399076 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. neglecta TAP1100 AB482220 LC311599 LC311600 Norphanphoun et al. (2019)
P. neolitseae NTUCC 17–011* MH809383 MH809387 MH809391 Ariyawansa and Hyde (2018)
P. neolitseae NTUCC17012 MH809384 MH809388 MH809392 Ariyawansa and Hyde (2018)
P. neolitseae KUMCC 19–0243 MN625276 MN626730 MN626741 Harischandra et al. (2020)
P. novae-hollandiae CBS 130,973* NR147557 KM199425 KM199511 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. oryzae CBS 111,522* KM199294 KM199394 KM199493 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. oryzae CBS 353.69 KM199299 KM199398 KM199496 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. pallidotheae MAFF 240,993* NR111022 LC311584 LC311585 Watanabe et al. (2018)
P. pandanicola MFLUCC 16–0255 MH388361 MH412723 MH388396 Tibpromma et al. (2018)
P. papuana CBS 331.96 KM199321 KM199413 KM199491 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. parva CBS 265.37* KM199312 KM199404 KM199508 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. parva CBS 278.35 MH855675 KM199405 KM199509 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. photinicola GZcc 16–0028* KY092404 KY047663 KY047662 Chen et al. (2017)
P. pinicola KUMCC 19–0203 MN412637 MN417508 MN417510 Tibpromma et al. (2019)
P. pinicola KUMCC 19–0183 MN412636 MN417507 MN417509 Tibpromma et al. (2019)
P. portugalica CBS 393.48 KM199335 KM199422 KM199510 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. portugalica LC2929 KX894921 KX895253 KX895138 Liu et al. (2016)
P. rhizophorae MFLUCC 17–0416* MK764283 MK764349 MK764327 Norphanphoun et al. (2019)
P. rhizophorae MFLUCC 17–0417 MK764284 MK764350 MK764328 Norphanphoun et al. (2019)
P. rhododendri IFRDCC 2399 KC537804 KC537818 KC537811 Zhang et al. (2013)
P. rhodomurtus HGUP4230 KF412648 KC537818 KF412645 Song et al. (2013)
P. rhodomyrtus LC3413* KX894981 KX895313 KX895198 Song et al. (2013)
P. rhodomyrtus LC4458 KX895010 KX895342 KX895228 Liu et al. (2017)
P. rosea MFLUCC 12–0258* JX399005 JX399005 JX399005 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. scoparia CBS 176.25* KM199330 KM199330 KM199330 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. sequoiae MFLUCC 13–0399 KX572339 – – Hyde et al. (2016)
P. shandongensis KUMCC 19 0241 MN625275 MN626729 MN626740 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. shorea MFLUCC 12–0314* KJ503811 KJ503814 KJ503817 Song et al. (2104)
P. spathulata CBS 356.86 NR147558 KM199423 KM199513 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. spathuliappendiculata CBS 144,035 MH554172 MH554845 MH554607 Liu et al. (2019)
P. telopeae CBS 113,606 KM199295 KM199402 KM199498 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. telopeae CBS 114,137* KM199301 KM199469 KM199559 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. telopeae CBS 114,161 KM199296 KM199403 KM199500 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
P. terricola CBS 141.69* MH554004 MH554680 MH554438 Liu et al. (2019)
P. thailandica MFLUCC 17–1616* MK764285 MK764351 MK764329 Norphanphoun et al. (2019)
P. thailandica MFLUCC 17–1617 MK764286 MK764352 MK764330 Norphanphoun et al. (2019)
P. trachicarpicola OP068* JQ845947 JQ845945 JQ845946 Zhang et al. (2012)
P. unicolour MFLUCC 12–0275* JX398998 JX398998 JX398998 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. unicolour MFLUCC 12–0276 JX398999 JX399030 JX399063 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. verruculosa MFLUCC 12–0274 JX398996 – JX399061 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. yanglingensis LC3067 KX894949 KX895281 KX895166 Liu et al. (2017)
P. yanglingensis LC4553* KX895012 KX895345 KX895231 Liu et al. (2017)
Pseudopestalotiopsis cocos CBS 272.29* MH855069 KM199467 KM199553 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
Open in a new tab

Note: The newly generated sequences are indicated in bold. The type species are noted with a *.

graphic file with name TMYC_A_1801873_F0001a_OC.jpg

Open in a new tab

For BI analysis, the best nucleotide substitution model for each locus was identified by comparing the Akaike Information Criterion in MrModeltest v.2.3 (Nylander 2009) and PAUP v.4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) to be (GTR+I + G) for the ITS and TEF1-α, (HKY+I) for the TUB2 alignments. BI analysis was conducted with MrBayes v. 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck and Ronqvist 2001) to evaluate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) (Rannala and Yang 1996) by Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (BMCMC). GTR+I + G was used in the command. Six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 10,000,000 generations and trees were sampled every 200th generation. The distribution of log-likelihood scores was examined to determine stationary phase for each search and to decide if extra runs were required to achieve convergence, using the program Tracer 1.5 (Rambaut and Drummond 2007). First 20% of generated trees were discarded and remaining 80% of trees were used to calculate posterior probabilities of the majority rule consensus tree. BYPP greater than 0.95 are given above each node (Figure 1).

Maximum likelihood trees were generated using the RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE (8.2.8) (Stamatakis et al. 2008; Stamatakis 2014) in the CIPRES Science Gateway platform (Miller et al. 2010) using GTR+I + G model of evolution. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values (ML) equal or greater than 60% are given above each node (Figure 1). The phylogenetic trees were shown in FigTree v. 1.4 (Rambaut 2012) and edited using Microsoft Office Power Point 2007 and Adobe illustrator CS3 (Adobe Systems Inc., USA). Sequences derived in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). The finalised alignment and tree were deposited in TreeBASE, submission ID: 26152.

Results and discussion

Phylogenetic analyses

The combined sequence alignment of Pestalotiopsis comprised 115 taxa, including Pseudopestalotiopsis cocos (CBS 272.29) as the outgroup taxon. The dataset included 1486 characters (ITS: 1 to 571 bp, TEF1-α: 572 to 1056 bp, TUB2: 1057 to 1486 bp), after the alignment. Tree topologies (generated under ML, MP and Bayesian criteria) from single gene datasets were also compared and the overall tree topology was congruent to those obtained from the combined dataset of ML tree (Figure 1). The RAxML analysis of the combined dataset yielded a best scoring tree (Figure 1) with a final ML optimisation likelihood value of −13,588.11947. The matrix had 667 distinct alignment patterns, with 7.06% of undetermined characters or gaps. Parameters for the GTR + I + G model of the combined ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 were as follows: Estimated base frequencies; A = 0.246189, C = 0.263688, G = 0.243646, T = 0.246477; substitution rates AC = 1.335541, AG = 3.561498, AT = 1.209470, CG = 1.017519, CT = 5.175761, GT = 1.000000; gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.763268. The phylogenetic tree obtained in this study showed similar results to previous studies (Tibpromma et al. 2019). The maximum parsimonious dataset consisted of which 924 constants, 395 (42.74%) parsimony-informative and 173 parsimony-uninformative characters. The parsimony analysis of the data matrix resulted in all equally most parsimonious trees with a length of 2171 steps (CI = 0.384, RI = 0.691, RC = 0.265, HI = 0.616) in the first tree. The Bayesian analysis resulted in 50,001 trees after 10,000,000 generations. The first 10,000 trees, representing the burn-in phase of the analyses, were discarded, while the remaining 40,001 trees were used for calculating posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree. Phylogram depicts that our two strains (MFLUCC 18–0913 and MFLUCC 18–0914) constitute an independent and strongly supported subclade (100% ML and MP, 1.00 BYPP) within the genus Pestalotiopsis, sharing a close affinity to P. adusta (Ellis & Everh.) Steyaert, P. krabiensis Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde, P. pandanicola Tibpromma & K.D. Hyde and P. papuana Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous (Subclade A1, Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

RAxML tree based on analyses of a combined dataset of partial ITS, TEF1-α and TUB2 sequences. Bootstrap support values for ML and MP equal to or greater than 60%, Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP) equal to or greater than 0.95 are shown as MP/ML/BI above the nodes. The new isolates are in blue and type species are given in bold. The scale bar represents the expected number of nucleotide substitutions per site

Taxonomy

Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola Chaiwan & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.

Index Fungorum number: IF557787; Facesoffungi number: FoF08710Etymology – Name reflects the host genus, Dracaena.Holotype: MFLU 19–2905

Saprobic or endophytic on Dracaena

Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph: Conidiomata (on PDA) pycnidial, globose to clavate, solitary, 800–1000 μm (x̄ = 900 n = 20) diam., exuding globose, dark brown to black conidial masses. Conidiophores indistinct often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells discrete, subcylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline. Conidia 22–26 × 4–6 μm (x̄ = 24 × 5 μm, n = 30), fusoid, ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, basal cell conic with a truncate base, hyaline and thin-walled, 2–5 μm long (x̄ = 3.5 μm, n = 30); three median cells doliiform, 13–15 μm long (x̄ = 14 μm, n = 30), wall smooth, concolourous, septa darker than the rest of the cell (second cell from the base pale brown, 4–5 μm long; third cell, 3–5 μm long; fourth cell, 3–4 μm long); apical cell 2–3 (x̄ = 2.5 μm, n = 30) long, hyaline, subcylindrical, thin- and smooth-walled; with 1–3 tubular apical appendages (mainly 2 tubular appendages) 6–11 μm long (x̄ = 8.5 μm, n = 30), arising from the apical crest, unbranched, filiform; basal appendage 3–5 μm long (x̄ = 4 μm, n = 30), single, tubular, unbranched, centric (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola. (b-h the morphology from MFLUCC 18–0914) (i-q the morphology from MFLUCC 18–0913) a Habitat. b, c Culture on PDA (MFLUCC 18–0914). d, e. Colony sporulating on PDA. f, g, h Conidiogenous cell with conidia. i, j Culture on PDA (MFLUCC 18–0913, ex-type). k, l Conidiogenous cell. m Colony sporulating on PDA. n, o. Conidiogenous cell with conidia. p, q, r Conidia. Scale bars: d, e = 2000 µm, l = 1000 µm, f-h, k, m-q = 10 μm

Culture characteristics

Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hours reaching 6 cm diameter after 6 days at 25–30°C, circular, floccose to fluffy; white mycelium with aerial on the surface, producing black spore masses.

Material examined

THAILAND, Songkhla Province, on dead leaves of Dracaena sp. (Asparagaceae), 9 May 2018, Napalai Chaiwan, BRP002 (MFLU 19–2905, holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 18–0913, ibid. BRP004 (MFLU 19–2906).

Notes

Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola has a close phylogenetic affiliation to P. adusta (ICMP6088, MFLUCC 16–0255), P. krabiensis (MFLUCC 16–0260), P. pandanicola (MFLUCC 16–0255) and P. papuana (CBS 331.96). Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola differs from P. adusta, P. krabiensis, P. pandanicola and P. papuana in having different sizes of morphological features and the number of apical appendages (Table 2). Meanwhile, Pestalotiopsis adusta was reported on leaves of Prunus cerasus in USA, from a PVC gasket of a refrigerator door and from Syzygium species in Thailand (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2012). Pestalotiopsis krabiensis and P. pandanicola were found on Pandanus sp. in Thailand (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Pestalotiopsis dracaenea (HGUP4037) and Pestalotiopsis affinis (Hsp2000 II-6600) also found on Dracaena (D. fragrans) from China (Chen et al. 2002; Ariyawansa et al. 2015).

Table 2.

Comparison of conidia of Pestalotiopsis species related to this study

Species Conidia Size (μm) Three median cells of conidia (μm)
 Apical appendages
 Basal appendage (μm) References
Sum of three median cells second third fourth
Number Length (μm)
Pestalotiopsis adusta 16–20 × 5–7 12.4–13.8 4.3–5.3 4–4.7 3.8–4.4 2–3 7–15 – Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. affinis 17.5–25.2 × 6.3–6.9 13–14 2–4 3–4 3–4 3 13–14 1–3 Chen et al. (2002)
P. dracaenea 18–24 × 6.5–8.5 11.5–16 3.5–5.5 4–5.5 4–5.5 2–4 6.5–15.5 unequal Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012)
P. dracaenicola 22–26 × 4–6 13–15 4–5 3–5 3–4 1–3 6–11 3–5 This study
P. krabiensis 19–25 × 4–6 13–
15		 3–5 4–5.5 4–5 2–3 11–19 1 Tibpromma et al. (2018)
P. pandanicola 13–18 × 2.5–4.5 8–11 2–4 2.5–4 2.5–4 2–3 9.5–26 1 Tibpromma et al. (2018)
P. papuana 18–22 × 6–7.5 12–15 3.5–5.5 4.5–5.5 4.5–6 1–2 1.5–7 0.5–2 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2014)
Open in a new tab

Pestalotiopsis affinis (Hsp2000 II-6600) only known from its morphological descriptions and there are no DNA based sequence data to compare the phylogenetic relationship with our new species. P. dracaenea (HGUP4037) is not monophyletic with Pestalotiopsis dracaenicola (Figure 1).

Comparison of TEF1-α and TUB2 sequences between our fungi and P. dracaenea (HGUP4037), showed that they are different 11 bp (2.47%) in 446 TEF1-α nucleotide and 8 bp (1.99%) in 402 TUB2 nucleotide (Table 3). Both P. dracaenea (HGUP4037) and P. affinis (Hsp2000 II-6600) presence broader conidia than our new species (P. dracaenicola: 22–26 × 4–6 μm, P. dracaenea: 18–24 × 6.5–8.5 μm and P. affinis: 17.5–25.2 × 6.3–6.9 μm), but our species thinner and slander than these two species (Table 2). Our new species also differ from the number of apical appendages, P. dracaenicola number of apical appendages 1–3 and length 6–11 μm, while P. dracaenea number of apical appendages 2–4 and length 6.5–15.5 μm and P. affinis number of apical appendages 3 and length 13–14 μm (Table 2).

Table 3.

TEF1-α and TUB2 gene character comparisons of Pestalotiopsis species used in this study

Taxon/Character TEF1-α
 TUB2
17 37 48 61 80 90 165 178 235 379 412 57 232 241 314 368 381 389 396
P. dracaenicola (18–0913) T - G - T C G C T T A G C C C C T C G
P. dracaenicola (18–0914) T - G - T C G C T T A G C C C C T C G
P. dracaenea (HGUP4037) C T T G C A A G A A G A G T - G - T -
Open in a new tab

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Thailand Research Fund (TRF) grant no PHD60K0147, and Kunming Institute of Botany for the help with molecular work. Shaun Pennycook is thanked for nomenclatural advice. K.D. Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund project entitled ‘The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate: baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants, Rhododendron species and Dracaena species (No. DBG6080013)’ and

‘Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion (No. RDG6130001)’. We would like to thank Molecular Biology Experimental Center for the help on molecular work, and the Mushroom Research Foundation (MRF), Chiang Rai, Thailand for supporting this research. Dhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) for funding his postdoctoral research (number 2019PC0008) and the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (grant no.: Y913083271). Ausana Mapook would like to thank Research and Researchers for Industry Program (RRI) PHD57I0012. Napalai Chaiwan is also grateful to Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Mingkwan Doilom, Yong Wang, Dhandevi Pem and Deping Wei, for their precious help during this research.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by Thailand Research Fund [PHD60K0147]; Thailand Research Fund [DBG6080013,RDG6130001]; the 64th batch of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [Y913083271]; CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) [2019PC0008]; the Research and Researchers for Industries (RRI) [PHD57I0012].

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

References

  1. Akinsanmi OA, Nisa S, Jeff-Ego OS, Shivas RG, Drenth A. 2017. Dry Flower Disease of Macadamia in Australia Caused by Neopestalotiopsis macadamiae sp. nov. and Pestalotiopsis macadamiae sp. nov. Plant Dis. 101: 45–53 [DOI] [PubMed]
  2. Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD.. 2018. Additions to Pestalotiopsis in Taiwan. Mycosphere. 9(5):999–1013. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/9/5/4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ariyawansa HA and Hyde KD. 2018. Additions to Pestalotiopsis in Taiwan. Mycosphere 9: 999–1013 5 doi: 10.5943/mycosphere [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jayasiri SC, Buyck B, Chethana KWT, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Jayawardena RS, Lu¨cking R, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Niskanen T, Thambugala KM, Voigt K, Zhao RL, Li GJ, Doilom M, Boonmee S, Yang ZL, Cai Q, Cui YY, Bahkali AH, Chen J, Cui BK, Chen JJ, Dayarathne MC,Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, Hashimoto A, Hongsanan S, Jones EBG, Larsson E, Li WJ, Li QR, Liu JK, Luo ZL, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Mapook A, McKenzie EHC, Norphanphoun C, Konta S, Pang KL, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Pinruan U, Randrianjohany E, Singtripop C, Tanaka K, Tian CM, Tibpromma S, Abdel-Wahab MA, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Zhang JF, Zhang H, Abdel-Aziz FA, Wedin M, Westberg M, Ammirati JF, Bulgakov TS, Lima DX, Callaghan TM, Callac P, Chang CH, Coca LF, Dal-Forno M, Dollhofer V, Fliegerova´ K, Greiner K, Griffith GW, Ho HM,Hofstetter V, Jeewon R, Kang JC, Wen TC, Kirk PM, Kytovuori I, Lawrey JD, Xing J, Li H, Liu ZY, Liu XZ, Liimatainen K, Thorsten Lumbsch H, Matsumura M, Moncada B, Nuankaew S, Parnmen S, Santiago ALCMA, Sommai S, Song Y, de Souza CAF, de Souza-Motta CM, Su HY, Suetrong S, Wang Y, FongWS YH, Zhou LW, Re´blova´ M, Fournier J, Camporesi E, Luangsa-ard JJ, Tasanathai K, Khonsanit A, Thanakitpipattana D, Somrithipol S, Diederich P, Millanes AM, Common RS, Stadler M, Yan JY, Li XH, Lee HW, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB, Battistin E, Marsico O, Vizzini A, Vila J, Ercole E, Eberhardt U, Simonini G, Wen HA, Chen XH, Miettinen O, Spirin V, Hernawati H.. 2015. Fungal diversity notes 111–252 taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers. 75:27–274. [Google Scholar]
  5. Chen YX, Wei G, Chen WP. 2002. New species of Pestalotiopsis. Mycosystema. 21:316–323. [Google Scholar]
  6. Dai DQ, Phookamsak R, Wijayawardene NN, Li WJ, Bhat DJ, Xu JC, Taylor JE, Hyde KD, Chukeatirote E. 2017. Bambusicolous fungi. Fungal Divers. 82(1):1–105. doi: 10.1007/s13225-016-0367-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Giatgong P. 1980. Host index of plant diseases in Thailand. 2nd ed. Bangkok (Thailand): Mycology Branch, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department of Agriculture and Cooperatives; p. 118. [Google Scholar]
  8. Glass NL, Donaldson GC. 1995. Development of primer sets designed for use with the PCR to amplify conserved genes from filamentous ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microb. 61(4):1323–1330. doi: 10.1128/AEM.61.4.1323-1330.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hall TA 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symp Ser. 41:95–98. [Google Scholar]
  10. Harishchandra DL, Aluthmuhandiram JVS, Yan J, Hyde KD. 2020. Molecular and morpho-cultural characterisation of Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis species associated with ornamental and forest plants in China
  11. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754–755 8 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hyde KD, Hongsanan S, Jeewon R, Bhat DJ, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Phookamsak R, Ariyawansa HA, Boonmee S, Zhao Q, Abdel-Aziz FA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Banmai S, Chomnunti P, Cui BK, Daranagama DA, Das K, Dayarathne MC, de Silva NI, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Ekanayaka AH, Gibertoni TB, Go´es-Neto A, Huang SK, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Konta S, Lee HB, Li WJ, Lin CG, Liu JK, Lu YZ, Luo ZL, Manawasinghe IS, Manimohan P, Mapook A, Niskanen T, Norphanphoun C, Papizadeh M, Perera RH, Phukhamsakda C, Richter C, de Santiago ALCMA, Drechsler-Santos ER, Senanayake IC, Tanaka K, Tennakoon TMDS, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Thongbai B, Vizzini A, Wanasinghe DN, Wijayawardene NN, Wu HX, Yang J, Zeng XY, Zhang H, Zhang JF, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E, Bahkali AH, Amoozegar AM, Araujo-Neta LS, Ammirati JF, Baghela A, Bhatt RP, Bojantchev S, Buyck B, da Silva GA, de Lima CLF, de Oliveira RJV, de Souza CAF, Dai YC, Dima B, Duong TT, Ercole E, Mafalda-Freire F, Ghosh A, Hashimoto A, Kamolhan S, KangJC, Karunarathna SC, Kirk PM, Kyto¨vuori I, Lantieri A, Liimatainen K, Liu ZY, Liu XZ, Lu¨cking R, Medardi G, Mortimer PE, Nguyen TTT, Promputtha I, Raj KNA, Reck MA, Lumyong S, Shahzadeh-Fazeli SA, Stadler M, Soudi MR, Su HY, Takahashi T, Tangthirasunun N, Uniyal P, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Zhang ZK, Zhao YC, Zhou JZ, Zhu L. . 2016. Fungal diversity notes 367-490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers. 80:1–270. [Google Scholar]
  13. Hyde KD, Norpha nphounC, Chen J, Dissanayake AJ, Doilom M, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Perera RH, Thongbai B, Wanasinghe DN, Wisitrassameewong K, Tibpromma S, Stadler M. 2018. Thailand’s amazing diversity – up to 96% of fungi in northern Thailand are novel. Fungal Divers. 93(1):215–239. doi: 10.1007/s13225-018-0415-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ilodibia CV, Ugwu RU, Okeke CU, Akachukwu EE, Aziagba BO, Okeke NF. 2015. Anatomical studies on two species of Dracaena in southeastern Nigeria. Inter J Biol Res. 3(1):9–11. doi: 10.14419/ijbr.v3i1.3770. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. Index Fungorum . 2020. Index Fungorum. [accessed 2020 June11]. http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names.asp.
  16. Jaminson EH. 2012. Generating knowledge about the Dracaena marginata pest complex to improve management strategies for crops exported from Costa Rica [dissertation]. Ecological Agriculture School of CATIE, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigacióny Enseñanza, West Lafayette (IN): Purdue University. [Google Scholar]
  17. Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Abd-Elsalam KA, Abdel-Wahab MA, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, Dai YC, Ertz D, Hidayat I, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Karunarathna SC, Kirk P, Lei C, Liu JK, Maharachchikumbura SSN, McKenzie E, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Nilsson H, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Rollins AW, Romero AI, Stephenson S, Suetrong S, Tsui CKM, Vizzini A, Wen TC, De Silva NI, Promputtha I, Kang JC. . 2015. The Facesoffungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, molecular and human attributes. Fungal Divers. 74(1):3–18. doi: 10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jeewon R, Hyde KD. 2016. Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere. 7(11):1669–1677. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  19. Katoh K, Standley DM. 2017. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. 30(4):772–780. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kishino H, Hasegawa M. 1989. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data, and the branching order in Hominoidea. J. Mol. Evol. 29: 170–179 2 doi: 10.1007/BF02100115 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Liu F, Bonthond G, Groenewald JZ, Cai L, Crous PW. 2019. Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendagebearing conidia. Stud Mycol 92: 287–415 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Liu F, Hou L, Raza M, Cai L. 2017. Pestalotiopsis and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. Sci Rep. 7(1):866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Liu JK, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat DJ, Boonmee S, Maharachchikumbura S, McKenzie EHC, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Shenoy BD, Abdel-Wahab MA, Buyck B, Chen J, Chethana KWT, Singtripop C, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Daranagama DA, Dissanayake AJ, Doliom M, D’souza MJ, Fan XL, Goonasekara ID, Hirayama K, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Karunarathna SC, Li WJ, Mapook A, Norphanphoun C, Pang KL, Perera RH, Persˇoh D, Pinruan U, Senanayake IC, Somrithipol S, Suetrong S, Tanaka K, Thambugala KM, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Udayanga D, Wijayawardena NN, Wanasinghe D, Wisitrassameewong K, Abdel-Aziz FA, Adamcık S, Bahkali AH, Boonyuen N, Bulgakov T, Callac P, Chomnunti P, Greiner K, Hashimoto A, Hofstetter V, Kang JC, Lewis D, Li XH, Liu XX, Liu ZY, Matumura M, Mortimer PE, Rambold G, Randrianjohany E, Sato G, Sri-Indrasutdhi V, Tian CM, Verbeken A, von Brackel W, Wang Y, Wen TC, Xu JC, Yan JY, Zhao RL, Camporesi E . 2015. Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Divers 72:1–197. [Google Scholar]
  24. Ma XY, Maharachchikumbura SN, Chen BW, Hyde KD, Mckenzie EHC, Chomnunti P, Kang JC. 2019. Endophytic pestalotiod taxa in Dendrobium orchids. Phytotaxa 419: 268–286 [Google Scholar]
  25. Mabberley DJ. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  26. Maharachchikumbura SSN, Guo LD, Cai L, Chukeatirote E, Wu WP, Sun X, Crous PW, Bhat DJ, McKenzie EHC, Bahkali AH, Hyde KD. 2012. A multi-locus backbone tree for Pestalotiopsis, with a polyphasic characterization of 14 new species. Fungal Divers. 56(1):95–129. doi: 10.1007/s13225-012-0198-1. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  27. Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Groenewald JZ, Xu J, Crous PW. 2013. Pestalotiopsis revisited. Stud Mycol. 79:121–186. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Groenewald JZ, Xu J, Crous PW. 2014. Pestalotiopsis revisited. Stud Mycol. 79:121–186. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T. 2010. Creating the CIPRES science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. 1–8, in: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), November 14, 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana [Google Scholar]
  30. Norphanphoun C, Jayawardena RS, Yun C, Wen TC, Meepol W, Hyde KD. 2019. Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of novel pestalotioid species associated with mangroves in Thailand. Mycosphere. 10(1):531–578. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  31. Phookamsak R, Liu JK, McKenzie EHC, Manamgoda DS, Ariyawansa HA, Thambugala KM, Dai DQ, Camporesi E, Chukeatirote E, Wijayawardene NN, Bahkali AH, Mortimer PE, Xu JC, Hyde KD. 2014. Revision of Phaeosphaeriaceae. Fungal Divers. 68(1):159–238. doi: 10.1007/s13225-014-0308-3. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  32. Pires JC, Maureira IJ, Rebman JP, Salazar GA, Cabrera LI, Fay MF, Chase MW. 2004. Molecular data confirms the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Hesperovallis (Hesperocallidaceae) with Agave. Madroño. 51:307–311. [Google Scholar]
  33. Rambaut A 2012. FigTree v1.4: tree figure drawing tool, Access date 14 April 2020.. http://tree bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/.
  34. Rannala B and Yang, Z. 1996. Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. J. Mol. Evol. 43: 304–311. [DOI] [PubMed]
  35. Rehner SA, Buckley E. 2005. A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia. 97(1):84–98. doi: 10.3852/mycologia.97.1.84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Robiansyah I, Hajar AS. 2017. Predicting current and future distribution of endangered tree Dracaena ombet Kotschy and Peyr. under climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sec B. 87(1):225. doi: 10.1007/s40011-015-0588-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  37. Song Y, Geng K, Zhang B, Hyde KD, Zhao WS, Wei JG, WANG Y. 2013. Two new species of Pestalotiopsis from Southern China. Phytotaxa. 126(1):22–30. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.126.1.2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  38. Stamatakis A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30: 1312–1313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  39. Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J. 2008. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Syst. Biol. 57(5): 758–771 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Stevenson JA. 1975. Fungi of Puerto Rico and the American Virgin Islands. Contrib Reed Herbarium. 23:743. [Google Scholar]
  41. Thongkantha S, Jeewon R, Vijaykrishna D, Lumyong S, EHC M, Hyde KD. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Magnaporthaceae (Sordariomycetes) with a new species Ophioceras chiangdaoense from Dracaena loureiroi in Thailand. Fungal Divers. 34:157–173. [Google Scholar]
  42. Tibpromma S, Hyde KD, EHC M, Bhat DJ, Phillips AJL, Wanasinghe DN, Samarakoon MC, Jayawardena RS, Dissanayake AJ, Tennakoon DS, Doilom M, Phookamsak R, Tang AMC, Xu J, Mortimer PE, Promputtha I, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Khan S, Karunarathna SC.. 2018. Fungal diversity notes 840–928: microfungi associated with Pandanaceae. Fungal Divers. 92:1–160. [Google Scholar]
  43. Tibpromma S, Mortimer PE, Karunarathna SC, Zhan F, Xu J, Promputtha I, Yan K. 2019. Morphology and multi-gene phylogeny reveal Pestalotiopsis pinicola sp. nov. and a new host record of Cladosporium anthropophilum from Edible Pine (Pinus armandii) seeds in Yunnan Province, China. Pathogens. 8(4):1–18. doi: 10.3390/pathogens8040285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Watanabe K, Nozawa S, Hsiang T, Callan B. 2018. The cup fungus Pestalopezia brunneopruinosa is Pestalotiopsis gibbosa and belongs to Sordariomycetes. PLOS One. 13(6):1–12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197025. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. White TJ, Burns T, Lee S, Taylor JW. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, editors. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego (California): Academic Press; p. 315–322. [Google Scholar]
  46. Zhang Y, Maharachchikumbura SSN, McKenzie E, Hyde KD. 2012. A novel species of Pestalotiopsis causing leaf spots of Trachycarpus fortunei. Cryptogamie Mycol. 33(3):311–318. doi: 10.7872/crym.v33.iss3.2012.311. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  47. Zhang YM, Maharachchikumbura S, Tian Q, Hyde KD. 2013. Pestalotiopsis species on ornamental plants in Yunnan Province, China. Sydowia 65: 113–128 [Google Scholar]

Articles from Mycology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES