Abstract
BACKGROUND
A modified Valsalva maneuver (VM) has been suggested to be superior to the standard VM for conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).
AIM
To evaluate the efficacy and economic benefits of a modified VM in Chinese patients.
METHODS
Patients with PSVT admitted to our center between October 2017 and September 2019 were randomly assigned to the modified and standard VM groups. Conversion via VM was performed up to three times. The primary outcome of the study was the success rate of PSVT conversion to sinus rhythm. The secondary outcomes included the incidence of adverse events, economic cost during the visit, and the degree of patient acceptance of the treatment.
RESULTS
Overall, 361 patients were enrolled, with 180 allocated to the modified VM group and 181 to the standard VM group. Baseline characteristics were well matched in the groups. Overall, the modified VM group had higher success rates of PSVT conversion after single (47.78% vs 15.38%, P < 0.001) and multiple (62.22% vs 19.78%, P < 0.001) VM sessions. No significant differences in the incidences of adverse events and rates of patient acceptance were detected between the two groups (both P > 0.05). Moreover, the economic cost of the clinic visit was significantly lower for the modified VM group than for the standard VM group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The modified VM may confer both therapeutic and economic benefits as compared with the standard VM for conversion of PSVT.
Keywords: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, Modified Valsalva maneuver, Cost-effective analysis
Core Tip: The modified Valsalva maneuver can increase the pressure in the thoracic cavity and the amount of return heart blood in a short time, thereby increasing left atrial pressure and stimulating the carotid baroreceptor synergistically so as to terminate supraventricular tachycardia. The maneuver is simple and easy to operate, has good safety, a low incidence of adverse reactions, can reduce personal and medical insurance expenses, has good economic benefits, and can be popularized in community hospitals and other primary hospitals.
INTRODUCTION
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a common arrhythmia that is primarily caused by re-entry dysfunction of the atrium and atrioventricular junction. Clinically, PSVT is characterized by sudden onset and sudden termination of tachycardia. Patients with PSVT may suffer from palpitations, chest tightness and fatigue, which severely affect their quality of life[1,2]. Prolonged PSVT, particularly with an elevated heart rate, usually causes hemodynamic dysfunction, characterized by hypotension, and insufficiency of peripheral perfusion, such as cerebral ischemia, syncope, convulsions (A-S syndrome)[3], angina pectoris, heart failure, and even sudden death[4]. Therefore, timely conversion of PSVT to sinus rhythm is important in clinical practice.
Currently, the standard Valsalva maneuver (VM) is recommended as the first-line strategy for termination of PSVT by many international guidelines[5]. Although the standard VM is safe, cost-free, and can be easily performed by nurses or doctors, the success rate of cardioversion by standard VM in PSVT patients is relatively low (5%-20%)[6]. Moreover, termination of PSVT by antiarrhythmic drugs or electrical conversion seems effective. However, these strategies may have additional adverse effects or lead to further damage in patients, with some patients even experiencing a feeling of dying during the conversion process[7]. Therefore, efforts to identify effective physical techniques to improve the success rate of PSVT conversion by standard VM are of clinical significance. Previous studies in western countries suggested that a modified VM may improve the success rate of PSVT conversion[6]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the relative efficacy and economic benefits of a modified VM as compared with the standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT have not been evaluated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and economic efficiency, as well as the safety of a modified VM vs standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study population
This study included adult patients (aged older than 18 years) with electrocardiography (ECG)-confirmed PSVT who were admitted to the Cardiology Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital between October 2017 and September 2019. The potential patients were screened for enrollment in the study before receiving any emergency cardioversion treatment. Patients with a systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg; atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter; any contraindication to VM, such as severe pulmonary insufficiency, aortic stenosis, myocardial infarction, glaucoma, and retinopathy; a need for urgent cardioversion (e.g., pregnant or critically ill); or an inability to tolerate supine positioning or leg raising movements were excluded.
General information
All patients were randomized into the modified VM group or standard VM group using opaque-sealed envelopes. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University.
Procedures
The recruiting doctors or nurses randomly selected the envelope and instructed the patient to undergo the modified VM or standard VM according to the instructions in the envelope. The doctors, nurses, and patients were all blinded to the distribution plan. Patients in the modified VM group were placed in a semi-recumbent position or sitting position at an angle of 45° to 90° to the bed surface for completion of a normal inhalation in a tidal volume state. The patients were then asked to blow into 10 mL syringes to move the plunger to achieve the recommended intrathoracic pressure of 40 mmHg. The state of exertion was maintained for 15 s, and the signs of acceptable motion included jugular vein filling, increased abdominal muscle tension, and flushing. Then, the patient was suddenly placed in the supine position and his/her legs were raised at a 45° angle, which was maintained for 15 s by the researcher. The participants then returned to the semi-recumbent position for 45 s. Patients allocated to the standard VM group were placed in a semi-recumbent position at an angle of 45° to the bed surface. The nurse guided participants to close the glottis after completing a normal inhalation in a tidal volume state. Participants closed the glottis and exhaled vigorously for 10-15 s. Then, the participants relaxed and resumed normal breathing before maintaining this posture for 1 min. The 12-lead ECG or ECG monitoring was used to determine the cardioversion. In both groups, the procedure for standard VM or modified VM was repeated up to 3 times in unresponsive patients. The outcomes regarding success rates after one or multiple sessions of VM were recorded.
Definitions of clinical characteristics and outcomes
Basic demographics, past history and vital signs in both patient groups, including gender, age, history of PSVT, history of coronary heart disease, and the presence of diabetes, hypertension, valvular heart disease, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were recorded. Blood pressure, heart rate, and serum potassium levels were also recorded. The success rates of cardioversion after one or multiple sessions of VM in the two patients groups were recorded. The recovery of sinus rhythm confirmed by ECG was defined as successful cardioversion. Potential adverse events during the modified or standard VM were observed. The economic cost of successful conversion during the clinical visit for each patient (including consumable costs, drug costs and labor costs) were calculated and recorded. Patient acceptance of the treatment was rated according to the following 5-point scale: Very easy to accept = 5 points, easy to accept = 4 points, general = 3 points, not easy to accept = 2 points, and very difficult to accept = 1 point.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0. Continuous data were described by mean and standard deviation, while categorical data were expressed as numbers and percentages. The success rate of cardioversion was analyzed by the χ2 test. The 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated when appropriate, and a P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Clinical characteristics of the included patients
Overall, 361 patients were enrolled, 180 in the modified VM group and 181 in the standard VM group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the proportion of males, age, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum potassium at admission, previous onset of PSVT, history of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and prevalence of pneumonia (P > 0.05, Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients included in each group
|
Group
|
Modified VM
|
Standard VM
|
χ
2
/t
|
P
value
|
| Patients (n) | 180 | 181 | ||
| Men [n (%)] | 84 (46.7) | 74 (40.88) | 1.226 | 0.290 |
| Age (yr) | 51.76 ± 12.02 | 49.29 ± 13.59 | 1.823 | 0.069 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.89 ± 20.82 | 68.22 ± 13.27 | -1.815 | 0.070 |
| Duration of PSVT (yr) | 7.27 ± 7.38 | 8.60 ± 8.10 | -1.630 | 0.104 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127.42 ± 28.67 | 132.35 ± 19.46 | -1.913 | 0.057 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.61 ± 18.17 | 82.77 ± 12.81 | -1.912 | 0.057 |
| Pulse (bpm) | 75.71 ± 18.26 | 79.18 ± 15.22 | -1.962 | 0.051 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 3.94 ± 0.89 | 4.08 ± 0.51 | -1.826 | 0.069 |
| Coronary heart disease [n (%)] | 2 (1.11) | 8 (4.42) | 3.668 | 0.105 |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 36 (2.00) | 44 (24.31) | 0.972 | 0.375 |
| Diabetes [n (%)] | 10 (5.56) | 10 (5.52) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| Pneumonia [n (%)] | 2 (1.11) | 0 (0.00) | 2.022 | 0.155 |
PSVT: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; VM: Valsalva maneuver.
Comparison of the success rate of cardioversion
The success rates of sinus rhythm restoration after a single session or multiple sessions of VM were both higher in patients allocated to the modified VM group than in those allocated to the standard VM group (χ2 values were 33.724 and 22.008, both P < 0.001, respectively; Table 2).
Table 2.
Comparison of success rate of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia conversion between the two groups (data are presented as number and percentage)
|
Group
|
n
|
Sinus rhythmafter multiple VM
|
Sinus rhythm after single VM
|
| Modified VM | 180 | 112 (62.22) | 86 (47.78) |
| Standard VM | 181 | 36 (19.89) | 28 (15.47) |
| χ 2 value | 66.860 | 43.599 | |
| P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
VM: Valsalva maneuver.
Comparison of adverse events
The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups during treatment. Non-serious adverse events occurred in patients in both groups, and the incidences were comparable between the groups. These adverse events resolved spontaneously without any treatment (Table 3).
Table 3.
Comparison of the incidence of adverse events in both groups (data are presented as number and percentage)
|
Group
|
n
|
Chest tightness
|
Dizziness
|
Chest pain
|
| Modified VM | 180 | 10 (5.56) | 6 (3.33) | 4 (2.22) |
| Standard VM | 181 | 8 (4.40) | 4 (2.20) | 2 (1.10) |
| χ 2 value | 0.246 | 0.423 | 0.689 | |
| P value | 0.639 | 0.542 | 0.449 |
VM: Valsalva maneuver.
Analysis of economic benefit
The average cost of the clinical visit for patients in the modified VM group was RMB 113.32 ± 45.22, whereas that for patients in the standard VM group was RMB 140.91 ± 37.08, which showed that the modified VM was cost-effective compared with standard VM (P < 0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Comparison of the cost-effective in both groups (data are presented as mean ± SD)
|
Group
|
n
|
Cost-effective (mean ± SD, yuan) |
| Modified VM | 180 | 113.32 ± 45.22 |
| Standard VM | 181 | 140.91 ± 37.08 |
| t value | -6.346 | |
| P value | 0 |
VM: Valsalva maneuver.
Degree of patient acceptance
According to the scores on the scale of acceptance, acceptance among patients in the modified VM group did not differ statistically from that of patients in the standard VM group (3.67 ± 0.69 vs 3.54 ± 0.66, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 = 1.855, P = 0.064) (Figure 1, Table 5).
Figure 1.
Comparison of the degree of patient acceptance in both groups. VM: Valsalva maneuver.
Table 5.
Comparison of the degree of patient acceptance in both groups
|
Group
|
n
|
Degree of acceptance (mean ± SD) |
< 3 (%)
|
3’ (%)
|
> 3’ (%)
|
| Modified VM | 180 | 3.67 ± 0.69 | 6 (3.33) | 58 (32.22) | 116 (64.44) |
| Standard VM | 181 | 3.54 ± 0.66 | 8 (4.42) | 76 (41.99) | 97 (53.59) |
| t/χ2 value | 1.855 | 2.286 | 3.688 | 4.495 | |
| P value | 0.064 | 0.786 | 0.064 | 0.042 |
VM: Valsalva maneuver.
DISCUSSION
PSVT is one of the most common arrhythmias[8]. Due to its characteristics of sudden onset and sudden termination, effective, economic and safe strategies for conversion of PSVT to sinus rhythm under emergency conditions are urgently needed. The method of vagal nerve stimulation is commonly used in the physical transformation technique[9,10], which uses a tongue depressor to induce nausea and vomiting or the standard VM at the base of the tongue. These strategies may be suitable for patients with no structural heart disease and no obvious heart failure. However, the success rate of conversion is reported to be less than 20% using these methods[11]. Specifically, it has been reported that the success rate of conversion by standard VM is only 5%-20%[5]. In 2015, a large randomized controlled trial published in the Lancet showed a significantly higher rate of successful restoration of sinus rhythm at 1 min when the modified VM was used compared with when the standard VM was used (43% vs 17%)[7]. A pilot cohort study in China[12] also showed that the success rate of conversion via the modified VM was 77.5%, which was higher than that with the standard VM of 30.0%[13]. Our study confirmed that the success rate of PSVT conversion was higher in the modified VM group after single (47.78% vs 15.38%) and multiple (62.22% vs 19.78%) VM sessions. The potential mechanisms underlying the additional benefits for PSVT termination may include the following: First, the patient’s inhalation at the end of the breath and then forceful exhalation can increase the pressure in the chest, pressing the sternum to also increase the intrathoracic pressure. Moreover, the erect position in the modified VM group can quickly reduce the amount of blood flow, increase left atrial pressure, stimulate the carotid baroreceptor and synergistically improve vagal nerve tension to interrupt the prolongation of supraventricular tachycardia and cause the termination of PSVT[14-17].
The other commonly used physical transformation methods include eye reflex, carotid sinus massage, and the diving reflex. There are certain risks in the application of the above treatments. The pressure of the eyeball is not suitable for retinal detachment, and in a few cases, fatal arrhythmia has occurred[18-24]. Patients undergoing cardiac sinus-sensitivity may experience cardiac arrest, with many contraindications; thus, the nurse cannot operate independently[25-27]. The diving reflex may increase the risk of adverse reactions such as cough and suffocation[28]. In addition to the above physical techniques, other cardioversion techniques using medications or electrical cardioversion may also cause serious adverse events. For example, the application of adenosine triphosphate may cause facial flushing, nausea, dizziness, chest tightness, hypotension, sinus arrest, atrioventricular block, and even cardiac arrest[29,30]. Excessive use of propafenone can cause adverse reactions such as bradycardia and dizziness, and inhibit left ventricular function[31]. Electric cardioversion is often used in patients with hemodynamic instability, which may cause additional damage to the body[32]. In this study, the incidence of adverse events after modified VM was only 11.1%, and most of these adverse events resolved without treatment. Our study, consistent with previous findings in Chinese patients[12], showed that the modified VM is relatively safe as compared with the standard VM.
In previous studies, a pressure measuring device is recommended for the patient’s insufflation, and the pressure must reach 40 mmHg. If the hospital or clinic is not equipped with a pressure measuring instrument, it can also be replaced with an empty 10-mL syringe. Research has shown that the lip will fill 10 mL of the tip of the syringe. Upon blowing into the syringe to just move the piston, the pressure is approximately equal to 40 mmHg[33-35]. Therefore, using a 10-mL syringe to temporarily replace the pressure gauge, patients may perform a modified VM by the themselves with the assistance of family members at home. An adequate VM can be recognized by signs of jugular vein filling, abdominal wall muscle tension and facial flushing.
It could be expected that terminating PSVT via physical therapy such as VM is much more cost-effective than other therapies. Moreover, our study showed that the cost of consumables, drug costs and labor costs for the conversion of PSVT by modified VM was lower than that for standard VM, which showed that the modified VM has better economic benefits as compared with the standard VM, although costs in both groups were already relatively low.
Limitations
A limitation of this study was the generalizability of results. Participants were recruited from one large general hospital, and the number of subjects was small, which limited the characteristics of the resulting data. In addition, the economic benefit analysis was not very professional. This research can be expanded to community hospitals or community clinics, multi-center large sample research can be carried out, and a professional and detailed economic benefit analysis can be conducted.
CONCLUSION
In summary, the modified VM can effectively improve the success rate of cardioversion in patients with PSVT. The modified VM is more effective and involves less cost than standard VM, and the safety and acceptance of the treatments among the PSVT patients were comparable. Termination of PSVT via the modified VM can be managed by primary healthcare professionals and patients themselves.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Previous studies in western countries suggested that a modified Valsalva maneuver (VM) may improve the success rate of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) conversion. However, the relative efficacy and economic benefits of a modified VM as compared with the standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT have not been evaluated.
Research motivation
The relative efficacy and economic benefits of a modified VM as compared with the standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT have not been evaluated; therefore, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and economic efficiency, as well as the safety of a modified VM vs standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT.
Research objectives
In this study, we aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and economic efficiency, as well as the safety of a modified VM vs standard VM in Chinese patients with PSVT.
Research methods
This study included adult patients (aged older than 18 years) with electrocardiography (ECG)-confirmed PSVT who were admitted to the Cardiology Department of Shandong Provincial Hospital between October 2017 and September 2019. All patients were randomized into the modified VM group or standard VM group using opaque-sealed envelopes. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Conversion via VM was performed up to three times. The 12-lead ECG or ECG monitoring was used to determine the cardioversion. In both groups, the procedure for standard VM or modified VM was repeated up to 3 times in unresponsive patients. Basic demographics, past history and vital signs of patients in both groups were recorded. The success rates of cardioversion after one or multiple sessions of VM in the two patients groups were recorded. The recovery of sinus rhythm confirmed by ECG was defined as successful cardioversion. Potential adverse events during the performance of the modified or standard VM were observed.
Research results
Overall, 361 patients were enrolled, 180 in the modified VM group and 181 in the standard VM group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the proportion of males, age, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum potassium at admission, previous onset of PSVT, history of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and prevalence of pneumonia. The success rates of sinus rhythm restoration after a single session or multiple sessions of VM were both higher in patients allocated to the modified VM group than in those allocated to the standard VM group (χ2 values were 33.724 and 22.008, both P < 0.001, respectively). The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups during treatment. Non-serious adverse events occurred in patients in both groups, and the incidences were comparable between the groups. These adverse events resolved spontaneously without any treatment. The average cost of the clinical visit for patients in the modified VM group was RMB 113.32 ± 45.22, whereas that for patients in the standard VM group was RMB 140.91 ± 37.08, which showed that the modified VM is cost-effective compared with standard VM (P < 0.05). According to the scores on the scale of acceptance, acceptance among patients in the modified VM group did not differ statistically from that of patients in the standard VM group (3.67 ± 0.69 vs 3.54 ± 0.66, Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 = 1.855, P = 0.064).
Research conclusions
In summary, the modified VM can effectively improve the success rate of cardioversion in patients with PSVT. The modified VM is effective and involves less cost than standard VM, and the safety and acceptance of the treatments among the PSVT patients were comparable. Termination of PSVT via the modified VM can be managed by primary healthcare professionals and patients themselves.
Research perspectives
This study focused on the effect of physical manipulation on supraventricular tachycardia. The intervention scheme was designed by random control, and the effect was evaluated by various evaluation indices. It has important guiding significance for clinical work. The maneuver is simple and easy to operate, has good safety, a low incidence of adverse reactions, can reduce personal and medical insurance expenses, has good economic benefits, and can be popularized in community hospitals and other primary hospitals.
Footnotes
Institutional review board statement: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University.
Clinical trial registration statement: This study is registered at Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. The registration identification number is 2019-084.
Informed consent statement: All study participants or their legal guardian provided informed written consent regarding personal and medical data collection prior to study enrolment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The authors have read the CONSORT 2010 Statement, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CONSORT 2010 Statement.
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Peer-review started: June 28, 2020
First decision: July 24, 2020
Article in press: October 12, 2020
Specialty type: Medicine, research and experimental
Country/Territory of origin: China
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
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P-Reviewer: Carey I, Wallace S, Zimmerman M S-Editor: Huang P L-Editor: Webster JR P-Editor: Wang LL
Contributor Information
Wei Wang, Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
Teng-Fei Jiang, Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University.
Wei-Zhong Han, Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
Lin Jin, Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
Xiao-Jing Zhao, Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China.
Ying Guo, Department of Nursing, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, China. guoyingslyy@163.com.
Data sharing statement
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.