Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is used in large quantities in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides, with flavonoids being the main active ingredients. In this study, flavonoids were isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. grown in 21 areas in China by water extraction, alcohol precipitation, polyamide resin separation, and other methods. Fingerprints were established by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There were 15 common peaks in the fingerprints by similarity evaluations of the chromatographic fingerprints. The spectrum-effect relationships between the HPLC fingerprints and pharmacological activities of flavonoids in G. uralensis Fisch., including the heat clearing, detoxifying effects, cough relief, and phlegm elimination effects, were assessed by gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression. After HPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and standard comparison, these five identified compounds (liquiritin apioside, neoisoliquiritin, licochalcone A, licochalcone B, and licochalcone C) could be used to evaluate licorice quality with regard to its efficacy. This research provides a scientific basis for improving licorice quality and also establishes a model for modernization of traditional Chinese medicines.
1. Introduction
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat, or Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) [1] and described in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is one of the species included in the Pharmacopoeia [2]. It has a wide distribution and is planted over large areas in Northeast and Northwest China [3]. Licorice was first recorded in The Shennong Materia Medica and was described as having effects of invigorating the spleen and qi, clearing heat and detoxification, relieving coughing and eliminating phlegm, relieving spasms and pain, and mediating the effects of various medicines [3]. In modern pharmacological studies, many active components of licorice have been observed to have a range of pharmacological activities, including hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, antiviral, free radical scavenging, antiulcer, cytotoxic, antitumor, antiallergic, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. Licorice is widely used in food, medicines, the chemical industry, and other fields [4, 5]. At present, traditional formulations of licorice from other countries, such as Japan, Iran, and South Korea, are also widely used [6–8]. It is produced in China and is sold in many countries worldwide. Comprehensive development and utilization of licorice resources are expanding; then the market prospects are very broad. The content of total flavonoids and specific flavonoids in licorice from different sources varies greatly [6–8].
According to the 2015 edition of the Chinese pharmacopoeia, there are limitations to controlling glycyrrhizin and liquiritin. However, we do not know if their content can reflect their clinical utility and can be used to control the quality of licorice. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a method to evaluate the complexity and integrity of licorice and improve quality standards. Current evaluation models lead to neglect of the interaction effects of multicomponent and multitarget TCMs and do not allow for optimum quality control of licorice. Hence, it is important to establish a method to evaluate complex samples such as licorice.
The spectrum-effect relationship is an effective method to evaluate the quality of TCMs [9–11]. Spectrum-effect relationship studies focus on correlations between fingerprint characteristics and pharmacodynamic data. The qualities of TCMs are evaluated using chemical components and biological activity, and the relative contributions of different components to the efficacy are determined. The results can be used to identify components that are most closely related to the pharmaceutical effect and accurately reflect the quality of a TCM.
In this study, the chromatographic fingerprints of 21 different producing areas of licorice were obtained using HPLC following existing quality control methods for crude TCMs. Common peaks were determined using similarity evaluation system software to create chromatographic fingerprints. The compounds for the selected common peaks were identified by HPLC-quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and comparison with standard samples. Data from experiments investigating the heat clearing and detoxification effects and cough relief and phlegm elimination effects were used to establish spectrum-effect relationships that were assessed using gray relational analysis (GRA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Flavonoid components of licorice could be used as indicators for quality control of licorice which were connected with the traditional effects identified. This research provides a method and scientific data for comprehensively improving licorice quality control.
2. Experimental
2.1. Reagents and Experimental Animals
Twenty-one production areas of dried licorice (Table 1) were collected from different growing areas in China, including Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Heilongjiang, in 2017, and identified by professor Zhang Xinhui at Ningxia Medical University (Yinchuan, China). Licorice standards (Table 2) were purchased from Yuanye Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). We used the following solvents in the experiments: acetonitrile (purity = 100%, HPLC-grade; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); glacial acetic acid (purity = 100%, HPLC grade; Kaixin Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Tianjin, China); HPLC grade methanol, ethanol, and analytical grade ethanol (purity = 95%, HPLC grade); and xylene and other reagents (Damao Chemical Reagent Production, Tianjin, China). Specific pathogen free-grade ICR male mice weighing 18–22 g were provided by the experimental animal center at Ningxia Medical University (animal certificate No. SCXK (Ning) 2015-0001). The mice were raised at room temperature (22°C ± 2°C) with a relative humidity of 50%–60% and natural light. For the experiments involving mice, they were randomly divided into a model group, blank group, and licorice treatment group with 10 mice in each group. Disease was induced in the model group but not the blank group, and both groups were given sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) aqueous solution. Mice in the treatment group were continuously administered 150 mg/kg licorice total flavonoids for 1 week, and those in the blank and model groups were fed CMC-Na once per day. The blank group was not subjected to any experimental treatment.
Table 1.
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. sample source information table.
| No. | Origin | Growth years |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | Weizhou, Tongxin County, Wuzhong City, Ningxia | Biennial |
| S2 | Lejing Township, Yanchi County, Wuzhong City, Ningxia | Biennial |
| S3 | Gaoshawo Town, Yanchi County, Wuzhong City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region | Biennial |
| S4 | Hongsibao District, Wuzhong City, Ningxia | Biennial |
| S5 | Zhaolou Village, Longde County, Guyuan City, Ningxia | Biennial |
| S6 | Shenlin Village, Longde County, Guyuan City, Ningxia | Biennial |
| S7 | Yuzhong County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S8 | Yongdeng County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S9 | Changning Town, Minqin County, Wuwei City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S10 | Qingshui Township, Min County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S11 | Longxi County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S12 | Xifeng District, Qingyang City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S13 | Huining County, Baiyin City, Gansu Province | Biennial |
| S14 | Songshan District, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia | Biennial |
| S15 | Wanniute Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia | Biennial |
| S16 | Hangjin Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia | Biennial |
| S17 | Linxian County, Lvliang City, Shanxi Province | Biennial |
| S18 | Alar, Xinjiang | Biennial |
| S19 | Horgos Port, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang | Biennial |
| S20 | Garsu Village, Horgos City, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang | Biennial |
| S21 | Xiangfang District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province | Biennial |
Table 2.
The standards of licorice information table.
| Name of standards | CAS | Batch number |
|---|---|---|
| Liquiritin | 551-15-5 | Z10J8X39611 |
| Isoliquiritin | 5041-81-6 | R07D8F50056 |
| Liquiritigenin | 578-86-9 | Z20J8X40265 |
| Isoliquiritigenin | 961-29-5 | R12A7F19390 |
| Liquiritin apioside | 74639-14-8 | Y16D7Y306709 |
| Isoliquiritin apioside | 120926-46 -7 | P13A9F58700 |
| Neoliquiritin | 5088-75-5 | Y18A7H19583 |
| Neoisoliquiritin | 7014-39-3 | Y08J8H37579 |
| Glabridin | 59870-68-7 | G006171216 |
| Licochalcone A | 58749-22-7 | P21O8F46473 |
| Licochalcone B | 58749-23-8 | P15D6F7553 |
| Licochalcone C | 144506-14-9 | P13A9F58701 |
| Formononetin | 485-72-3 | 16031005 |
| Glycyrrhizic acid | 1405-86-3 | P11A9F58301 |
2.2. Instrumentation and Chromatography Condition
2.2.1. Chromatography Condition
The chromatographic separation was performed on a ZORBAX SB-C18 Column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm; Agilent Technologies) maintained at 30°C and using a diode array detector (DAD) with the detection wavelength set to 310 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.2% glacial acetic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The sample injection volume was 20 μL and the sample was separated using the following optimized gradient elution: 0–15 min, 15%B; 15–25 min, 15–20% B; 25–70 min, 20–50% B; 70–90 min, 50–70% B; and 90–95 min, 70–15% B. The results were analyzed using Agilent Chem Station.
MS measurements were performed with a 6545 Q-TOF instrument equipped with an electrospray ionization source (Dual AJS ESI+, Agilent Technologies). The drying gas temperature and source temperature were maintained at 350°C and 120°C, respectively. The MS capillary voltage, cone voltage, and frag mentor voltage were fixed at 3500 V, 30 V, and 130 V, respectively. The drying gas flow rate was 10 L/min and the nebulizer pressure was 40 psi. The mass scan range was 50–1000 m/z.
2.2.2. Methodological Validation
One sample solution was analyzed six times to determine the precision. The RSD values of the peak area of each major chromatograph were all less than 3.5%, and the RSD values of the relative retention time were all less than 1.8%, indicating good precision of the instrument. A stability study was performed by analyzing a sample at different intervals over 1 day (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h). The RSD values of the peak-peak area of each major chromatograph were all less than 3.0%, and the RSD values of the relative retention time were all less than 2.0%, indicating that the sample solution was stable within 24 h. Six sample solutions from the same batch were analyzed to determine the repeatability. The analysis of each sample was repeated three times. The RSD values of each main chromatographic peak area were all less than 5.0%, and the RSD values of retention time were all less than 2.4%, indicating that the method has good repeatability.
Then standard solution of the individual component was diluted gradually, to determine its limit of detection (LOD) values were determined by using signal-to-noise ratios of 10 : 1, as follows: liquiritin, 0.035 μg/mL; isoliquiritin, 0.047 μg/mL; liquiritigenin, 0.032 μg/mL; isoliquiritigenin, 0.044 μg/mL; liquiritin apioside, 0.025 μg/mL; isoliquiritin apioside, 0.053 μg/mL; neoliquiritin, 0.033 μg/mL; neoisoliquiritin, 0.041 μg/mL; glabridin, 0.058 μg/mL; licochalcone A, 0.108 μg/mL; licochalcone B 0.076 μg/mL; licochalcone C, 0.012 μg/mL; formononetin, 0.034 μg/mL; glycyrrhizic acid, 0.056 μg/mL; and β-glycyrrhetinic acid, 0.065 μg/mL.
2.3. The Total Flavonoids Content
2.3.1. Preparation of Liquiritin Standard Solution
Liquiritin was precisely weighed and dissolved with 70% ethanol in a 10 mL volumetric flask to prepare a solution with a concentration of 1.05 mg/mL.
2.3.2. Preparation of Sample Solutions
Samples of the licorice flavonoids concentrates were weighed to 30 mg in 10 mL volumetric flasks and 70% ethanol was added. After ultrasonication for 30 mins, each sample was weighed and then stored at 4°C until required for analysis.
2.3.3. Standard Curve of Liquiritin
The linearity was studied by analyzing liquiritin standard solutions with five different concentrations and determining the absorbance by UV spectrophotometry at 213 nm (after full wavelength scanning, there is the maximum absorption wavelength). Taking the absorbance value (A) as the x-axis, the concentrations of liquiritin were plotted on the y-axis to construct standard curves. The regression equation was y = 1.1299x + 3.2989. The linear range was 0.021–0.105 mg/mL and the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.999.
2.3.4. Determination of Total Flavonoids of 21 Production Areas
Preparation of sample solutions and method validation for quantitative analysis of total flavonoids content were stated in the supplemental material. The absorbance values for solutions of licorice total flavonoids from the 21 growing areas were determined using the method described in Section 2.3.3.
2.4. HPLC Fingerprints
2.4.1. Preparation of Sample Solutions
Preparation method was described in Section 2.3.2.
2.4.2. Preparation of a Mixed Standard Solution
Individual stock solutions at the following concentrations were prepared by dissolving standards in 70% ethanol: liquiritin, 4.07 μg/mL; isoliquiritin, 4.07 μg/mL; liquiritigenin, 3.38 μg/mL; isoliquiritigenin, 4.15 μg/mL; liquiritin apioside, 4.00 μg/mL; isoliquiritin apioside, 3.84 μg/mL; neoliquiritin, 3.69 μg/mL; neoisoliquiritin, 3.08 μg/mL; glabridin, 3.30 μg/mL; licochalcone A, 3.54 μg/mL; licochalcone B 3.08 μg/mL; licochalcone C, 1.92 μg/mL; formononetin, 3.69 μg/mL; glycyrrhizic acid, 3.69 μg/mL; and β-glycyrrhetinic acid, 3.69 μg/mL. Take 100 microliters of each standard solution and mix them together to make a mixed standard solution. After ultrasonication, the prepared solutions were stored at 4°C until required for use.
2.4.3. Similarity Evaluation of the Fingerprints
HPLC results for the samples from the 21 growing areas, including the retention times and peak areas, were exported in AIA (∗.cdf) format in Chinese Medicine Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation (2004A Version). The median method is used to obtain the result. A representative reference fingerprint was automatically constructed using the median method by comparing the results for the 21 producing areas of licorice flavonoid extracts. Similarity values between the chromatogram for each batch and the reference fingerprint were calculated using software. Then, the results were used to identify common peaks for the licorice flavonoids.
2.4.4. Identification of Common Peaks
Under the conditions described in Section 2.4.2, the mixed standard and sample solutions were analyzed by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The spectrum of the mixed standard sample was compared with those of the sample solutions, and common peaks were identified according to the retention times and fragment ions. The flavonoid components for these peaks were inferred.
2.5. Cough Relief and Phlegm Elimination Effects
2.5.1. Phenol Red Excretion in Mice Trachea
One hour after the last dose, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with a 5% phenol red normal saline solution. After 30 min, the mice were killed by dislocation. The trachea is separated and flushed with 0.5 mL of a 5% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution [9–11]. We combine the flushing solution into a small test tube and centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 10 min.
2.5.2. Ammonia-Induced Cough Test
Thirty minutes after the last treatment, the mice in the model and treatment groups were exposed to ammonia gas in a 500 mL beaker. The number of times the mice coughed in 2 min was recorded, with abdominal muscle contractions and yawning taken as coughing.
2.5.3. Sulfur Dioxide-Induced Cough Test
After the last dose, the mice were exposed to sulfur dioxide in a bell jar. For each group, the cough incubation period and the number of times the mice coughed within 3 min were observed and recorded [12].
2.6. Heat Clearing and Detoxification Effects
2.6.1. Mouse Acute Paw Swelling Tests
After the last dose, 0.1 mL of a 1% carrageenan solution was subcutaneously injected into the plantar area of each mouse [13]. The degree of swelling was calculated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h using the following equation: degree of swelling = foot volume at the measurement time − foot volume at 0 h.
2.6.2. Mouse Acute Ear Swelling Test
After the last dose, the left ears of all the mice were uniformly coated with xylene, except for those in the blank group, which were coated with distilled water. The mice were euthanized 1 h after the ears were coated. The left and right ears of the mice were cut off, and pieces of the ear were taken from the same position with an 8 mm perforator and weighed, and the degree of swelling was calculated using the following equation: swelling = left ear mass − right ear mass.
2.7. Data Statistics
The experimental data are expressed as the means ± SDs. The LSD and Dunnett's T3 test (3) were used for intergroup comparisons.
2.8. Statistical Analysis of the Spectrum-Effect Relationships
Correlation analysis was conducted between the common peak areas and pharmacodynamic data of licorice flavonoids from different regions using the HPLC data by GRA and PLS method. SPSS 24.0 (International Business Machines Corporation, New York, USA) and DPS 7.05 (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) were used to process the data and find common peaks that were significantly related to the pharmacological effects.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Determination of the Total Flavonoids Content in Licorice
The total flavonoids contents in the 21 samples from different growing areas were calculated from the UV spectrophotometry results (Figure 1). The content of total flavonoids of licorice root was higher than 60% except S16. The content of licorice flavonoids was the highest in S7. Licorice has a complex chemical composition [4, 14]. Flavonoids are one of the main active substances in licorice. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has multiple activities [15]. Studies have shown that the contents and types of licorice flavonoids from different sources vary greatly [16]. Licorice flavonoids are closely related to the traditional effects of licorice in TCM. In this study, the enrichment method can obtain relatively reliable licorice flavonoids and provide sufficient guarantee for further research.
Figure 1.
Determination of flavonoids in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. from 21 producing areas by UV. The result represents mean ± S.D.
3.2. Chromatographic Fingerprints and Similarity Analysis
The 21 licorice samples were injected into the HPLC and chromatograms were recorded. The results are shown in Figure 2. The spectrum of sample S1 was selected as the reference spectrum, and the software automatically matched the chromatographic peaks through multipoint correction. A control fingerprint (Figure 3) was generated by the selected median method, and 15 common peaks were analyzed. The similarity value of the generated control fingerprint (R) was set as one, and the similarities of the characteristic chromatograms of the 21 licorice samples were calculated. The origins of the licorice samples and fingerprint similarities are shown in Table 3. Sixteen samples had similarities greater than 0.9. We suspected that this difference between those samples could be caused by different producing areas of the licorice.
Figure 2.
HPLC fingerprint of total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. from 21 producing areas.
Figure 3.
HPLC fingerprint of total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. from 21 producing areas.
Table 3.
Similarity analysis of fingerprint of total flavonoids of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. from 21 producing areas.
| No. | Similarity |
|---|---|
| S1 | 0.949 |
| S2 | 0.968 |
| S3 | 0.956 |
| S4 | 0.981 |
| S5 | 0.950 |
| S6 | 0.945 |
| S7 | 0.941 |
| S8 | 0.741 |
| S9 | 0.954 |
| S10 | 0.954 |
| S11 | 0.973 |
| S12 | 0.617 |
| S13 | 0.980 |
| S14 | 0.950 |
| S15 | 0.906 |
| S16 | 0.735 |
| S17 | 0.906 |
| S18 | 0.956 |
| S19 | 0.735 |
| S20 | 0.787 |
| S21 | 0.959 |
3.3. Pharmacodynamic Experiments
3.3.1. Test Results for Cough Relief and Phlegm Elimination
According to the tracheal phenol red experiment results (Figure 4), phenol red excretion in the model group was significantly reduced (##P < 0.01) compared with the blank group, indicating successful modeling. Compared with the model group, the licorice flavonoids from samples S1–S21 significantly reduced the excretion of tracheal phenol red (∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01). The results of the ammonia cough test (Figure 5) showed that the total licorice flavonoids decreased the frequency of coughing in mice significantly compared with the model group, but to different degrees (∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01). The licorice flavonoids had a therapeutic effect on coughing caused by ammonia. Samples S1, S2, S3, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S17, and S18 significantly reduced coughing. For the sulfur dioxide cough test (Figure 6), compared with the model group, the licorice flavonoids reduced the frequency of coughing to different degrees (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01). Samples S1, S2, S3, S4, S8, S9, S10, S13, S14, and S18 showed the greatest reductions in coughing, whereas the antitussive effects of samples S5, S6, S7, S11, S12, S15, S16, S17, S19, S20, and S21 were slightly weaker.
Figure 4.
Results of tracheal phenol red of flavonoids in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. from 21 producing areas. The result represents mean ± S.D. Note. Compared with the normal group, ##P < 0.01 is a very significant difference. Compared with the model group, ∗P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference; ∗∗P < 0.01, and there was a significant difference (n = 10).
Figure 5.
Results of ammonia-induced cough in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. flavonoids from 21 producing areas. The result represents mean ± S.D. Note. Compared with the normal group, ##P < 0.01 is a very significant difference. Compared with the model group, ∗P < 0.05 was considered to be significant; ∗∗P < 0.01, and there was a significant difference (n = 10).
Figure 6.
Results of SO2-induced cough in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. flavonoids from 21 producing areas. The result represents mean ± S.D. Note. Compared with the normal group, ##P < 0.01 is a very significant difference. Compared with the model group, ∗P < 0.05 was considered to be significant; ∗∗P < 0.01, and there was a significant difference (n = 10).
3.3.2. Test Results for Heat Clearing and Detoxification
The results of carrageenan-induced mouse paw swelling tests (Figure 7) showed that paw swelling in mice treated with licorice samples S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S8, S10, S13, S14, S16, S17, and S19 was significantly (∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01) lower than that in the model group. The licorice flavonoids in the other samples did not significantly affect paw swelling in mice (P > 0.05). For the xylene-induced ear swelling in mice (Figure 8), the licorice flavonoids from all 21 samples significantly reduced ear swelling (∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01) compared with the model group.
Figure 7.
Results of foot swelling of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. flavonoids from 21 producing areas. The result represents mean ± S.D. Note. Compared with the normal group, ##P < 0.01 is a very significant difference. Compared with the model group, ∗P < 0.05 was considered to be significant; ∗∗P < 0.01, and there was a significant difference (n = 10).
Figure 8.
Results of ear swelling of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. flavonoids from 21 producing areas. The result represents mean ± S.D. Note. Compared with the normal group, ##P < 0.01 is a very significant difference. Compared with the model group, ∗P < 0.05 was considered as significant; ∗∗P < 0.01, and there was a significant difference (n = 10).
3.4. Spectrum-Effect Relationship Results
3.4.1. Cough Relief and Phlegm Elimination Effects
With GRA Method, 14 peaks were identified with correlation degrees greater than 0.5 in the results of the tracheal phenol red experiment (Table 4). The order of the correlation degrees of these 14 peaks was 8 > 9 > 14 > 12 > 15 > 6 > 4 > 3 > 5 > 13 > 7 > 11 > 10 > 2. These peaks were closely related to the efficacy of licorice with regard to eliminating phlegm. From the ammonia exposure results (Table 5), 14 peaks were identified to have correlation degrees of greater than 0.5 with the frequency of coughing in mice. The contributions of these peaks were in the order 8 > 14 > 4 > 3 > 5 > 12 > 9 > 7 > 6 > 13 > 11 > 7 > 1 > 10 > 15. These peaks were closely related to the efficacy of licorice with regard to coughing induced by ammonia. From the results of the sulfur dioxide cough tests in mice (Table 6), correlation degrees of 14 peaks were more than 0.5. These peaks were in the order 15 > 9 > 14 > 12 > 5 > 4 > 8 > 3 > 11 > 7 > 6 > 10 > 13 > 1. These peaks were closely related to the efficacy of licorice with regard to coughing induced by sulfur dioxide.
Table 4.
Grey correlation between common peaks of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and phenol red test in mouse trachea.
| Peak number | Similarity |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.4529 |
| 2 | 0.5355 |
| 3 | 0.6313 |
| 4 | 0.6361 |
| 5 | 0.6170 |
| 6 | 0.6383 |
| 7 | 0.5820 |
| 8 | 0.7090 |
| 9 | 0.6676 |
| 10 | 0.5455 |
| 11 | 0.5814 |
| 12 | 0.6494 |
| 13 | 0.5977 |
| 14 | 0.6504 |
| 15 | 0.6419 |
Table 5.
Grey correlation between the common peaks of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and ammonia-induced cough test.
| Peak number | Similarity |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.5822 |
| 2 | 0.4822 |
| 3 | 0.6050 |
| 4 | 0.6160 |
| 5 | 0.6050 |
| 6 | 0.5701 |
| 7 | 0.5898 |
| 8 | 0.6709 |
| 9 | 0.5905 |
| 10 | 0.5425 |
| 11 | 0.5637 |
| 12 | 0.5987 |
| 13 | 0.5680 |
| 14 | 0.6375 |
| 15 | 0.5281 |
Table 6.
Grey Correlation between the common peaks of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and SO2-induced cough test.
| Peak number | Similarity |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.5338 |
| 2 | 0.4392 |
| 3 | 0.6082 |
| 4 | 0.6344 |
| 5 | 0.6389 |
| 6 | 0.5801 |
| 7 | 0.5903 |
| 8 | 0.6251 |
| 9 | 0.6521 |
| 10 | 0.5776 |
| 11 | 0.5923 |
| 12 | 0.6457 |
| 13 | 0.5704 |
| 14 | 0.6493 |
| 15 | 0.6572 |
With the PLS regression method, the regression coefficients reflected the contribution of each x to y. The larger the absolute value of the PLS regression coefficient, the greater the contribution of the peak to medical efficacy. Peaks were negatively correlated with the absorbance; that is, as the peak intensity increased, the absorbance value decreased. The remaining peaks were positively correlated with the absorbance. The pharmacodynamic experiment results of the tracheal phenol red test and the common peak areas were fitted by the regression equation y = 0.0348 x1 − 0.1386 x2 + 0.0808 x3 + 0.0890 x4 − 0.1985 x5 + 0.0940 x6 − 0.0079 x7 + 0.0749 x8 + 0.1659 x9 − 0.0857 x10 − 0.1424 x11 + 0.0952 x12 + 0.0280 x13 + 0.0136 x14 + 0.0661 x15. In this regression equation, the contribution rates of the 15 common peak were in the order 5 > 9 > 11 > 2 > 12 > 6 > 4 > 3 > 10 > 8 > 15 > 1 > 13 > 14 > 7. For the ammonia cough test results, the regression equation from PLS regression analysis was y = 0.0055 x1 + 0.0861 x2 + 0.0127 x3 − 0.0234 x4 + 0.0875 x5 + 0.0639 x6 − 0.0126 x7 + 0.0123 x8 − 0.0033 x9 + 0.0170 x10 + 0.0540 x11 − 0.0085 x12 + 0.0023 x13 + 0.1469 x14 + 0.1137 x15. The contribution rates of the 15 common peaks were in the order 14 > 15 > 5 > 2 > 6 > 11 > 4 > 10 > 3 > 7 > 8 > 12 > 1 > 9 > 13. The other peaks were positively correlated. For the mice sulfur dioxide coughing test results, the regression equation was y = 0.0054 x1 − 0.0244 x2 − 0.1618 x3 − 0.0506 x4 + 0.0741 x5 − 0.1443 x6 + 0.0460 x7 + 0.0101 x8 + 0.0269 x9 − 0.0297 x10 + 0.0608 x11 − 0.0081 x12 − 0.1336 x13 − 0.1060 x14 − 0.0805 x15. The contribution rates of the 15 common peaks were in the order 3 > 6 > 13 > 14 > 15 > 5 > 11 > 1 > 4 > 7 > 10 > 9 > 2 > 8 > 12.
Considering the results from the GRA and PLS methods, eight chromatographic peaks (3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14, and 15) were identified as being correlated with cough relief and phlegm elimination effects.
3.4.2. Heat Clearing and Detoxification Effects
With GRA method, the results of the carrageenan-induced paw swelling experiments in mice showed that 14 peaks had correlation degrees of greater than 0.5 with swelling (Table 7). The correlation degrees of these peaks were in the order 8 > 12 > 4 > 14 > 5 > 15 > 3 > 6 > 7 > 9 > 11 > 13 > 10 > 1. These peaks were closely related to the efficacy of the drug with regard to the reduction of paw swelling. The results of the xylene-induced ear swelling experiments in mice showed that 14 peaks had correlation degrees of greater than 0.5 with ear swelling (Table 8). The correlation degrees of these peaks were in the order 8 > 15 > 5 > 3 > 14 > 4 > 6 > 9 > 12 > 11 > 7 > 13 > 2 > 10. These peaks were closely related to the efficacy of the drug with regards to the reduction of ear swelling.
Table 7.
Grey correlation between the common peaks of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and foot swelling test.
| Peak number | Similarity |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.5220 |
| 2 | 0.4196 |
| 3 | 0.6303 |
| 4 | 0.6509 |
| 5 | 0.6372 |
| 6 | 0.6136 |
| 7 | 0.6125 |
| 8 | 0.7337 |
| 9 | 0.6064 |
| 10 | 0.5721 |
| 11 | 0.5920 |
| 12 | 0.6547 |
| 13 | 0.5773 |
| 14 | 0.6431 |
| 15 | 0.6353 |
Table 8.
Grey correlation between the common peaks of flavonoids from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and xylene-induced ear swelling in mice.
| Peak number | Similarity |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0.4001 |
| 2 | 0.5457 |
| 3 | 0.6575 |
| 4 | 0.6488 |
| 5 | 0.6957 |
| 6 | 0.6404 |
| 7 | 0.5959 |
| 8 | 0.7537 |
| 9 | 0.6366 |
| 10 | 0.5245 |
| 11 | 0.6179 |
| 12 | 0.6249 |
| 13 | 0.5887 |
| 14 | 0.6548 |
| 15 | 0.7016 |
With PLS regression method, the carrageenan-induced paw swelling results gave the regression equation y = 0.0017 x1 − 0.0178 x2 − 0.1593 x3 − 0.0411 x4 + 0.0770 x5 − 0.0789 x6 + 0.0948 x7 − 0.0670 x8 − 0.0617 x9 + 0.0511 x10 + 0.0838 x11 + 0.0516 x12–0.0423 x13 − 0.0731 x14 − 0.0558 x15. In this regression equation, the contribution rates of the 15 common peaks were in the order 3 > 7 > 11 > 6 > 5 > 14 > 8 > 9 > 15 > 12 > 10 > 13 > 4 > 2 > 1. PLS regression of the xylene-induced ear swelling results gave the regression equation y = −0.1294 x1 + 0.0153 x2 + 0.0687 x3 + 0.0248 x4 + 0.0140 x5 + 0.0827 x6 + 0.0346 x7 + 0.1777 x8 + 0.0692 x9 + 0.0648 x10 + 0.0646 x11 + 0.0687 x12 + 0.0886 x13 + 0.0761 x14 + 0.1347 x15. The contribution rates of the 15 common peaks were in the order 8 > 15 > 1 > 6 > 13 > 14 > 9 > 3 > 12 > 10 > 11 > 7 > 4 > 2 > 5. Considering the results from the two methods comprehensively, seven chromatographic peaks (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, and 15) were identified as contributing to the heat clearing and detoxification effects.
Licorice has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. Many chromatographic techniques have been applied to licorice quality control [1, 17]. Liu et al. used a single standard to quantify eight important active markers in licorice. The easily available glycyrrhizic acid was selected as a reference substance to calculate relative response factors [18]. These studies have improved the quality of licorice. Based on previous studies, we tried to use the Spectrum-effect relationship between HPLC fingerprints and effect to find the chemical components related to the efficacy and use them as the quality evaluation criteria. The modern pharmacology research models selected in this study are representative of traditional models for evaluating efficacy. The main data analysis and processing methods currently available for spectrum-effect research are GRA and PLS regression. The GRA method can describe the size, strength, and order of factors using the gray correlation order. This can be used to determine the degree of influence of different factors or the contributions of different factors to the main effects [19]. PLS regression is an effective method to study spectrum-effect relationships in TCMs [13, 20]. The correlation degree can be evaluated using the correlation coefficient.
In this study, GRA and PLS regression analysis were applied to study the spectrum-effect relationships of the 21 licorice samples. The fingerprint and pharmacological data were analyzed to determine what peaks were closely related to the licorice efficacy. The important components of licorice were identified according to their contributions to the studied pharmacological effects. Finally, five flavonoids (peaks 3, 5, 6, 14, and 15) were identified as being closely related to the cough relief and phlegm elimination effects and heat clearing and detoxification effects.
3.5. Identification of Common Peaks
According to literature reports and expected cleavage of licorice compounds from PubChem and Sci Finder, a licorice database was established. Common peaks of the mixed standard solution and test solutions were subjected to HPLC-Q-TOF/MS in positive ion mode under the above conditions (Section 2.4.2). The analysis and matching were conducted by Agilent Mass Hunter Qualitative Analysis software using reference data, mass spectrometry data, and chromatographic retention data from the literature [21]. After this comparison, the following components were identified: liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritigenin, licochalcone B, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, formononetin, licochalcone C, and licochalcone A. The five peaks (3, 5, 6, 14, and 15) in the flavonoids fingerprint were closely related to its traditional efficacy, including liquiritin apioside, neoisoliquiritin, licochalcone A, licochalcone B, and licochalcone C (Table 9).
Table 9.
Assignment of common peaks in fingerprint of flavonoids in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. based on HPLC-Q-TOF/MS.
| Peak number | Name | Formula | RT | m/z | Mass | Score | Theoretical isotopic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Liquiritin apioside | C26H30O13 | 3.954 | 550.8892 | 550.5086 | 99.48 | 551.1700 (24.42%) |
| 5 | Neoisoliquiritin | C21H22O9 | 4.185 | 418.6043 | 417.1261 | 99.12 | 419.1272 (20.87%) |
| 6 | Licochalcone B | C16H14O5 | 4.745 | 286.1567 | 285.0841 | 98.12 | 287.0843 (14.79%) |
| 14 | Licochalcone C | C21H22O4 | 8.056 | 338.4099 | 337.3969 | 98.30 | 339.1501 (20.21%) |
| 15 | Licochalcone A | C21H22O4 | 8.332 | 338.4094 | 337.4039 | 98.63 | 339.1532 (12.53%) |
4. Conclusions
In this study, the HPLC spectrum-effect relationships of the licorice flavonoids for samples grown in 21 areas in China were studied by GRA and PLS regression. Five components of licorice have the largest contributions to the heat clearing and detoxification effects and phlegm elimination and cough relief effects of licorice. These components could be used for quality control of licorice. Our results provide a data basis for further identification of common peaks and a method for improvement of licorice quality control and drug efficacy evaluations.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the Ningxia Natural Science Foundation Project (Grant no. 2018AAC03097), the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 81860708 and 81560647), and the Ningxia Higher Education School First-class Discipline Construction Project (Chinese Medicine) Funded Project (Grant no. NXYLXK2017A06). The authors thank Gabrielle David, PhD, from Liwen Bianji, Edanz Group, China (http://www.liwenbianji.cn/ac), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.
Contributor Information
Fang Xu, Email: xufang@nxmu.edu.cn.
Xueyan Fu, Email: xueyanfu2661@163.com.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors' Contributions
Tingting Li, Shiyao Hua, and Jiahua Ma contributed equally to this work.
Supplementary Materials
Preparation of sample solutions and method validation for quantitative analysis of total flavonoids content.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Preparation of sample solutions and method validation for quantitative analysis of total flavonoids content.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.