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. 2020 Nov 27;25(23):5591. doi: 10.3390/molecules25235591

Table 2.

Biomolecules and phytochemicals acting as inhibitors of Maillard reaction and AGE–RAGE signaling in treatment of AGE-related diseases.

Molecule Mode of Action
[I] Plasma amino acids [126] Prevents glucose–protein binding

  • Positively charged:

  • L- and D-lysine, arginine

  
  • ─

    Scavenger of glyoxal and methylglyoxal

  • Negatively charged:

  • Aspartic acid

  
  • ─

    AGE formation inhibitor

  • Sulfur-containing:

  • Taurine

  • Cysteine

  
  • ─

    Schiff base formation inhibitor

  • Trapper of dicarbonyl compounds and inducts glyoxalase system
[II] Peptides [126]

  • Natural dipeptide:

  • β-alanyl-L-histidine

  • (L-carnosine)

  
  • ─

    Quenches reactive carbonyl species

  • Fresh garlic scale compound:

  • γ-glutanyl-S-allyl-cysteine

  
  • ─

    Maillard reaction inhibition in initial and late stage of glucose-induced protein denaturation

  • Purified from fresh garlic

  • γ-glutanyl-methylcysteine

  • γ-glutanyl-propylcysteine

  
  • ─

    Scavenger activity

  • Scavenger activity
[III] Dipeptodyl-4-incretin axis inhibitors [106,127]  
  • ─

    Inhibits AGE–RAGE–DPP4–incretin cross-talk
[IV] DNA aptamers [95,127,128,129]  
  • ─

    AGE formation and AGE–RAGE axis brokers
[V] Soluble form RAGEs (sRAGEs) [123,124]  
  • ─

    AGE–RAGE signaling pathway inhibitor