Table 1.
Effects of different lipid-based encapsulation techniques on the bioaccessibility of selected phenolic compounds.
| Applied Technique | Active Material | Carrier | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoemulsion/ emulsion |
Curcumin | Triacylglycerol | 1 to 58% bioaccessibility of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems | [20] |
| W/O/W emulsion gels | EGCG and Quercetin | Gelatin | After coencapsulation in W/O/W emulsion gels, 48.4 and 49% bioaccessibility of EGCG and quercetin, respectively | [57] |
| Nanostructured lipid carriers, Lipid nanoemulsions, Solid lipid nanoparticles |
Quercetin | Lecithin | ~60% bioaccessibility with nanostructured lipid carriers and lipid nanoemulsions, ~35% with solid lipid nanoparticles and ~7% with free quercetin solution | [33] |
| Nanoemulsion | Quercetin | Triacylglycerol | An enhancement in the quercetin bioaccessibility from <5% in bulk water to 53% in nanoemulsions | [38] |
| Nanostructured lipid carrier | Quercetin | Glyceryl monostearate, glycerol monolaurate and caprylic capric triglyceride | 33.6 and 2% bioaccessibility of quercetin in nanostructured lipid carrier and bulk water, respectively | [58] |
| Solvent displacement method |
Quercetin | Eudragit | 7 and 22% release of quercetin in water and polymeric nanoparticles, respectively | [59] |
| Nanoemulsion | Resveratrol | Peanut oil | No changes in the quantity and quality of the resveratrol-loaded nanoemulsions | [37] |
| Antisolvent precipitation/emulsion | Tangeretin | Zein and β-lactoglobulin | 15 to 37% bioaccessibility of tangeretin without and 4% initial oil concentration, respectively | [60] |
| Viscoelastic emulsion | Tangeretin | MCT | According to in vitro lipolysis, 9.7 to 29.3% release of tangeretin within oil suspension and emulsion, respectively. According to TIM-1 model, 2.6-fold increase in tangeretin bioaccessibility within emulsion system |
[61] |
| High internal phase emulsions | Tangeretin | Whey protein isolate—low methoxy pectin | According to in vitro lipolysis, 2-fold increase in bioaccessibility within HIPE-complexes compared to that of the bulk oil According to TIM-1 model, 5-fold increase in bioaccessibility within HIPE-complexes compared to that of the bulk oil |
[62] |
| Pickering emulsion | 5-DN | Peanut protein | 9.2 and 18.3% release of 5-DN in bulk oil and emulsion, respectively | [63] |
| High internal phase emulsions | Nobiletin | Whey protein isolate—low methoxy pectin | According to in vitro lipolysis, 1.5-fold increase in bioaccessibility within HIPE-complexes compared to that of the bulk oil According to TIM-1 model, 2-fold increase in bioaccessibility within HIPE-complexes compared to that of the bulk oil |
[62] |
| Nanoemulsion/ Pickering emulsion |
PMFs extract | MCT | According to in vitro lipolysis, 14-fold increase in bioaccessibility within nanoemulsion/emulsion compared to that of the bulk oil According to TIM-1 model, 2- and 4-fold increase in bioaccessibility within nanoemulsion and emulsion, respectively, compared to that of the bulk oil |
[64] |
TIM-1: in vitro dynamic digestion model; HIPE: high internal phase emulsions; 5-DN: 5-demethylnobiletin; EGCG: (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, PMF: polymethoxylated flavonoids; W/O/W: water-in-oil-in-water emulsion.