Table 2.

Effects of lipid-based encapsulation techniques on the in vitro bioavailability of phenolic compounds.

Applied Technique	Active Material	Carrier	In Vitro Model: Analyzed Material and Results	References
Antisolvent precipitation	Quercetin	Shellac and almond gum	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular quercetin level Results of the cellular uptake could not be compared with nonencapsulated quercetin sample due to cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles	[102]
Emulsion−diffusion solvent evaporation	Quercetin	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular quercetin level 6-fold higher uptake efficiency by encapsulation	[95]
Self-nanoemulsion	Quercetin	Castor oil	Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Encapsulation enabled a 2-fold higher transportation of quercetin	[103]
Pickering emulsion	Curcumin	Milled starch particles	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular curcumin level Encapsulation enabled a significantly higher uptake efficiency	[64]
Antisolvent precipitation/emulsion	Tangeretin	Zein and β-lactoglobulin	Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Oil dose-dependent increase in permeability	[60]
Pickering emulsion	5-DN	Peanut protein	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular 5-DN level by HPLC Higher uptake rate of 5-DN by encapsulation Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Higher permeability of 5-DN micelles than nonencapsulated 5-DN	[63]
O/W nanoemulsion	Resveratrol	Lipophilic soy lecithin with defatted soy lecithin and peanut oil	Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Significantly lower permeability of encapsulated resveratrol	[104]
O/W nanoemulsion	Resveratrol	Soy lecithin with peanut oil	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular resveratrol level Significantly higher uptake of resveratrol by encapsulation Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Significantly lower permeability of encapsulated resveratrol	[104]
O/W nanoemulsion	Resveratrol	Lipophilic soy lecithin with peanut oil	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular resveratrol level Significantly lower uptake of resveratrol by encapsulation	[104]
O/W nanoemulsion	Resveratrol	Tween 20 with glycerol monooleate and peanut oil	Caco-2 absorption study: analysis of intracellular resveratrol level Significantly lower uptake of resveratrol by encapsulation Caco-2 monolayer transport system: analysis of the supernatant from apical and basolateral compartment Significantly lower permeability of encapsulated resveratrol	[104]