Antihypertensive drug effects according to the pretreatment self-measured home blood pressure: the HOMED-BP study

Abstract

Objectives

To clarify whether or not the antihypertensive drug effect is proportional to the baseline pretreatment self-measured home blood pressure (HBP) in accordance with the law of initial value (Wilder’s law).

Design

A post-hoc analysis of a multicentre clinical trial.

Setting

Outpatients across Japan with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension.

Participants

Among 3518 randomised participants, 2423 who self-measured HBP during the pretreatment drug-free period (10–28 days after starting fixed-dose antihypertensive monotherapy) with a mean 7.0 years follow-up were eligible.

Main outcome measures

We analysed individual HBP readings during pretreatment and monotherapy.

Results

The day-to-day HBP during both the pretreatment period and monotherapy period remains almost the same throughout each period; the results were consistent, regardless of the pretreatment HBP. Following monotherapy, the reduction in the HBP increased by 2.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.8 to 2.5 mm Hg) per 10 mm Hg pretreatment HBP increase, up to 11.0 mm Hg (95% CI: 9.9 to 12.0 mm Hg) among patients with an HBP ≥165 mm Hg during pretreatment. Among the 1005 patients receiving low-dose monotherapy (defined daily dose: 0.5 units), the reduction peaked at 8.9–9.1 mm Hg in those with pretreatment HBP 155–164 mm Hg and ≥165 mm Hg (p=0.88).

Conclusions

According to Wilder’s law, the HBP reduction due to fixed-dose monotherapy was proportional to the pretreatment HBP without any regression to the mean phenomenon. With low-dose antihypertensive drugs, however, the HBP reduction peaked in patients with a high pretreatment HBP, indicating the need for such patients to receive a sufficient amount of antihypertensive drug medication at the initial treatment.

Trial registration

UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr), Unique identifier: C000000137.

Strengths and limitations of this study.

• This is a post-hoc analysis of a multicentre clinical trial in which patients were recruited from 457 general practices throughout Japan.

• Enroled 2423 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension measured their daily self-measurement of blood pressure at home during the pretreatment period, after antihypertensive monotherapy, and for a mean 7.0 years follow-up.

• Home blood pressure was self-measured using a validated upper-arm cuff-oscillometric OMRON HEM 747IC-N device, in which all measured data, including the measurement time, were automatically recorded.

• We were unable to assess the placebo effect because all patients received antihypertensive medication.

• Limitations of the studies included large number of excluded participants (1095 of the randomised 3518 patients) by which we should practice caution when applying the findings regarding antihypertensive drug effect to real-world clinical practice.

Introduction

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.^{1 2} A meta-analysis showed that a 10/5 mm Hg reduction in conventional office systolic/diastolic blood pressure reduces the stroke risk by approximately 40% and the coronary artery disease risk by approximately 20%.³ However, office blood pressure has major limitations including being affected by the white-coat phenomenon, that is, a warning response wherein the office blood pressure unexpectedly rises when in an examination room in front of medical staff.⁴ In contrast, self-measured home blood pressure (HBP) assessed using automated devices in a non-medical setting can obtain a plurality of readings over a long period under relatively uniform conditions, resulting in highly reproducible values without observer bias when patients apply a standardised protocol.^{2 4 5} Home monitoring is unaffected by the white-coat phenomenon and is suitable for the evaluation of drug efficacy.^{2 5 6}Given its greater prognostic ability for cardiovascular complications than office blood pressure,1 2 7–9 HBP-based antihypertensive treatment is highly recommended.^{2 9}

Recent studies^{10 11} have reported that the higher the pretreatment blood pressure, the greater the reduction in the blood pressure by antihypertensive drug treatment, according to the law of initial value (Wilder’s law).¹² However, the reduction in the 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure corresponding to the pretreatment office blood pressure was shown to be relatively small.¹⁰ Such disproportionality can be attributed to changes in the white-coat effect, which depends on pretreatment office blood pressure.¹⁰ Although ambulatory and HBPs are both categorised as out-of-office blood pressure, the characteristics and usefulness of HBP differ from those of ambulatory recordings,^{1 2 9} and no report has described differences in antihypertensive drug effects according to the pretreatment blood pressure.

We therefore investigated the association between the pretreatment home and office blood pressure levels and HBP reduction by antihypertensive monotherapy as well as long-term blood pressure changes in patients participating in a HBP-based clinical trial.

Methods

Study design

This was a post-hoc analysis of the Hypertension Objective Treatment based on Measurement by Electrical Device of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP) study,^13–15 which was a multicentre clinical trial with a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded end point, evaluation¹⁶ design. The HOMED-BP protocol complies with the Declaration of Helsinki with respect to the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects¹⁷ and is registered with the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry, number C000000137 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr). The institutional review board of the Teikyo University School of Medicine approved the study (17-044-2), and all study participants gave their written informed consent.

We included patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension based on HBP (135–179/85–119 mm Hg) with a minimum age of 40 years old; they were recruited from 457 general practices throughout Japan.^{14 15} The exclusion criteria were severe hypertension (HBP ≥180/≥120 mm Hg or office blood pressure ≥220/≥125 mm Hg), meeting the systolic criteria for the HBP (≥135 mm Hg) but with a diastolic HBP of <65 mm Hg, meeting the diastolic HBP criteria (≥85 mm Hg) but with a systolic HBP of <110 mm Hg, or contraindications to either calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.

Selection of patients

After the first visit at the initial registration, the 5211 enroled patients were followed up for at least 2 weeks without any antihypertensive drugs. At the second visit, the 3518 (67.5%) eligible patients were randomised in a 2×3 design to receive monotherapy with the first-line drug (calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) with target HBP-based antihypertensive values (usual control, ranging from 125 to 134 mm Hg systolic and 80 to 84 mm Hg diastolic; tight control, <125 mm Hg systolic and <80 mm Hg diastolic). The reasons for excluding the other 1693 patients before randomisation have been described elsewhere¹⁴ and listed in online supplemental figure 1.

In the present analysis, we excluded 1095 of the randomised 3518 patients because they had obtained <3 home readings at baseline (pretreatment period; n=102) or during fixed-dose monotherapy with the first-line drug (n=592), they had isolated diastolic hypertension (HBP ≤135/≥85 mm Hg; n=143), they did not actually receive an antihypertensive drug or had been treated with ≥2 drug classes simultaneously (n=37), or we were unable to assess the blood pressure or treatment status during follow-up (n=221). A total of 2423 participants were analysed statistically (online supplemental figure 1). Based on our previous report indicating that the risks of cardiovascular outcomes were similar in the randomised groups (tight vs usual blood pressure control, and a comparison of drug classes to initiate treatment) because of the small blood pressure difference between the groups,¹⁴ we combined all 2423 participants in the present analysis.

Measurements of blood pressure

Patients enroled in Hypertension Objective Treatment based on Measurement by Electrical Device of Blood Pressure (HOMED-BP) received spoken and written instructions on blood pressure self-measurement and the utilisation of a validated cuff-oscillometric OMRON HEM 747IC-N (Omron Healthcare Co, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan),¹⁸ in which all measured data, including the measurement time, are automatically recorded. The standard upper-arm cuff, which covered 22–32 cm of a patient’s arm circumference, was attached to the device. The importance of using an appropriately sized cuff was noted in the user’s manual of the device, and we provided another cuff on request. Throughout the study period, patients were asked to self-measure their blood pressure at home once every morning within 1 hour of awakening, after urination, before breakfast, before taking antihypertensive medication and after 2 min rest in a sitting position.

Office blood pressure was measured by doctors in the outpatient clinic using a validated cuff-oscillometric OMRON HEM-907 (Omron Healthcare Co, Ltd).¹⁹ At each visit, the office blood pressure was measured twice consecutively in a sitting position after at least 2 min rest.

The evaluation of the blood pressure

In this study, the baseline pretreatment HBP was the average of all blood pressure measurements taken for 5 days before the second visit on randomisation, and the blood pressure during the monotherapy was the average of measurements taken for 5 days within the 10-to-28-day period after the initiation of randomised first-line drugs (figure 1).²⁰ We used this time window for home readings because (1) the HBP used for determining eligibility and treatment adjustments at every visit in the HOMED-BP study was the average of the home readings available over 5 days immediately preceding the visit;¹⁴ (2) the clinical investigators followed the patients at intervals of approximately 2–4 weeks in general practice and approximately 4–8 weeks at hospital outpatient clinics; and (3) the time interval needed to receive sufficient antihypertensive effects is reported to be approximately 7–23 days.²¹ All of the HBP values evaluated in the present study were therefore captured before the third visit, when drug titration might have been performed. The HBP at the end of follow-up (mean follow-up period: 7.0 years; IQR: 5.1–9.1 years) was defined as the average of the last available 5 days of HBP values. The office blood pressure during pretreatment and follow-up were the averages of the two consecutive measurements at each visit. The reduction in the blood pressure was calculated as the change from the pretreatment blood pressure at baseline.

Figure 1.

Time course of blood pressure measurement during the study period. HBPs were the average of 5 days before randomisation without any antihypertensive treatment, after 10–28 days of monotherapy, and at the end of the follow-up period. Patients with 3–4 days of HBP data in each interval were also included. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; HBP, home blood pressure.

Definition of comorbidity and quantification of drugs

The body mass index was calculated as the body weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squared. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL), haemoglobin A1c of ≥6.5%, or treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as a total serum cholesterol level of ≥5.69 mmol/L (≥220 mg/dL), a history of hypercholesterolaemia or taking lipid-lowering drugs.^{14 20}

We used the WHO’s defined daily dose (DDD) to quantify the use of antihypertensive drugs²²; the DDD is the standard maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults.²² The standard usage per day is defined as a DDD of 1 unit.

Statistical analyses

For database management and statistical analyses, we used the SAS software package, V.9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA). Statistical significance was set at an α<0.05 on two-sided tests. We focused on our analyses based on systolic blood pressure, as systolic pressure is the overriding risk factor in middle-aged and older people.²³

Patients were divided into four groups (≤145, 145–154, 155–164 and ≥165 mm Hg) according to the baseline pretreatment systolic HBP, and the blood pressure reduction was compared among the groups. For office blood pressure assessments, patients were stratified into 10 mm Hg groups according to the pretreatment systolic office blood pressure, as in the report by Schmieder et al.¹⁰ The χ² test and an analysis of variance were used to compare the baseline characteristics between groups appropriately. HBP values during the five pretreatment days as well as those during the five monotherapy days were compared by a repeated measure mixed linear model, as implemented in the PROC MIXED procedure of the SAS package with the residual maximum likelihood option as the estimation method for the covariance parameters and the Kenward and Roger approximation²⁴ for the df calculations. The blood pressure reduction was compared among groups according to the pretreatment blood pressure using an analysis of covariance, and the change in the blood pressure reduction per pretreatment blood pressure increase was calculated using a linear regression model. In both analyses, the sex, age, body mass index, current smoking and drinking habit, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus and history of cardiovascular disease were used for adjustments. The DDD during the initial antihypertensive monotherapy and at the end of follow-up were further used as the adjustment factors to compare the pressure reduction from pretreatment to the initial treatment and to the end of follow-up, respectively. For the 40 patients without body mass index data, we interpolated the value based on the sex and age (continuous). The white-coat effect was defined as the office blood pressure minus the HBP as a continuous variable (negative value if the HBP was higher than the office blood pressure),^{10 25 26} and changes in the white-coat effect were determined by subtracting the effect observed at the end of the follow-up period from the effect captured during pretreatment.

Patient and public involvement

No patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing the plans for recruitment, design or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on the interpretation or writing up of the results. There are no specific plans to disseminate the results of the research to study participants or the relevant patient community beyond the usual channels of publication.

Results

Representativeness of the study patients

Online supplemental table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the 2423 patients included in the present analysis, along with the other 1095 randomised patients excluded from the analysis and the 694 patients who were randomised but not included because they measured their HBP <3 times. Although statistically significant differences were found in the age (p≤0.030), systolic blood pressure (p≤0.0064) for the comparison between analysed patients and all excluded patients, and in the drinking habit and history of cardiovascular disease (p≤0.020) for the comparison between analysed patients and patients who were excluded due to an insufficient number of HBP measurements, all other characteristics were similar.

Patients’ characteristics

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of 2423 patients. The average age of all participants was 60.0 (SD: 9.8) years old, and the proportion of women was 51.0%. The age, body mass index, smoking habit and office blood pressure were significantly and positively associated with the baseline systolic blood pressure category. As shown in table 2, the day-to-day HBP measurements during both the pretreatment period and monotherapy period remains almost the same throughout each period. When patients were subdivided by the systolic HBP at baseline, there were significant differences between the patients with a HBP <145 mm Hg during the pretreatment period (p=0.032) and 145–154 mm Hg during the monotherapy period (p=0.035); however, the differences between adjacent days were not significant even among those patients (p≥0.12).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients

Characteristics	Systolic HBP at baseline, mm Hg
	<145	145–154	155–164	≥165	P value
Number of participants	763	699	544	417
Women, n	416 (54.5)	342 (48.9)*	275 (50.6)	202 (48.4)	0.11
Age, years	59.3 (10.0)	59.3 (9.7)	61.0 (9.8)†	61.3 (9.5)	0.0003
Body mass index, kg/m2	24.2 (3.5)	24.2 (3.2)	24.6 (3.4)	24.8 (3.2)	0.0017
Smoking, n	142 (18.6)	138 (19.7)	112 (20.6)	109 (26.1)*	0.019
Drinking, n	347 (45.5)	344 (49.2)	270 (49.6)	211 (50.6)	0.27
Diabetes mellitus, n	122 (16.0)	101 (14.4)	85 (15.6)	70 (16.8)	0.74
Hypercholesterolaemia, n	399 (52.3)	372 (53.2)	287 (52.8)	203 (48.7)	0.49
Previous cardiovascular diseases, n	25 (3.3)	17 (2.4)	17 (3.1)	7 (1.7)	0.37
HBP
Systolic, mm Hg	139.8 (3.0)	149.6 (2.9)‡	159.4 (2.8)‡	171.3 (4.3)‡	<0.0001
Diastolic, mm Hg	84.4 (8.4)	89.8 (8.9)‡	92.6 (10.0)‡	95.9 (10.9)‡	<0.0001
Office blood pressure
Systolic, mm Hg	147.7 (15.5)	153.7 (16.5)‡	157.8 (16.5)‡	165.4 (17.1)‡	<0.0001
Diastolic, mm Hg	87.1 (11.2)	90.4 (11.8)‡	91.1 (12.3)	94.0 (13.1)§	<0.0001

Values are expressed as the arithmetic mean (SD) or number (%). P values were calculated by an analysis of variance or the χ² test among the four systolic HBP groups at baseline during pretreatment. For missing values of body mass index (n=40), single imputation with regression on sex and age was conducted.

*Significance of differences from the left adjacent column: p<0.05.

†Significance of differences from the left adjacent column: p<0.01.

‡Significance of differences from the left adjacent column: p<0.0001.

§Significance of differences from the left adjacent column: p<0.001.

HBP, home blood pressure.

Table 2.

Home systolic blood pressure values according to the measurement days

Baseline blood pressure category	Number of patients	HBP measurement days (times)
		First	Second	Third	Forth	Fifth	P value
Pretreatment, mm Hg
All	2423	152.5 (14.7)	152.5 (14.8)	152.2 (14.9)	152.4 (14.6)	152.6 (14.9)	0.48
<145	763	140.3 (9.1)	139.6 (8.4)	139.1 (8.8)	139.7 (8.2)	140.4 (9.6)	0.032
145–154	699	149.6 (9.9)	150.0 (9.4)	149.5 (9.7)	149.5 (9.2)	149.5 (9.5)	0.85
155–164	544	159.3 (10.3)	158.7 (10.3)	159.5 (9.6)	159.8 (9.7)	159.8 (10.5)	0.41
≥165	417	170.9 (11.3)	172.0 (10.3)	171.1 (10.4)	171.0 (11.2)	171.4 (11.5)	0.66
Monotherapy, mm Hg
All	2423	145.5 (17.0)	145.2 (16.9)	145.4 (16.5)	145.4 (16.5)	144.7 (16.6)	0.58
<145	763	135.3 (13.2)	135.1 (13.1)	135.5 (13.4)	135.8 (13.2)	135.1 (13.1)	0.56
145–154	699	143.8 (13.8)	143.1 (13.3)	143.3 (13.0)	142.9 (13.3)	141.9 (12.9)	0.035
155–164	544	150.2 (15.3)	150.5 (15.4)	150.5 (14.6)	151.2 (14.4)	150.5 (14.7)	0.67
≥165	417	161.1 (16.5)	160.0 (17.0)	160.3 (15.4)	160.1 (16.1)	160.5 (15.9)	0.65

Values are expressed as the arithmetic mean (SD). The numbers of patients with missing blood pressure data on the fourth and fifth days were 38 and 84 at pretreatment and 87 and 286 during monotherapy, respectively, while p values were calculated by a repeated measure mixed linear model to take missing values into account and represent the differences among the five systolic HBP values according to the measurement day at baseline during pretreatment.

Differences between the adjacent days were not significant during pretreatment (p≥0.12) or monotherapy (p≥0.14).

HBP, home blood pressure.

The relationship of the white-coat effect and office or home blood pressure values during the pretreatment period as a cross-sectional approach is shown in online supplemental figure 2. The white-coat effect increased along with the office blood pressure (7.5 mm Hg, 95% CI: 7.3 to 7.8 mm Hg, per 10 mm Hg increment), whereas the HBP was negatively related to the white-coat effect (−4.5 mm Hg, 95% CI: −3.9 to −5.0 mm Hg, per 10 mm Hg HBP increment).

Reduction in the HBP by monotherapy according to the pretreatment blood pressure

During the initial fixed-dose monotherapy, the reduction in the systolic HBP was increased by 2.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.8 to 2.5 mm Hg) per 10 mm Hg pretreatment HBP increase. The reductions in each baseline pretreatment blood pressure group are shown in figure 2. The slope of the HBP reduction accompanying the increase in the pretreatment office blood pressure was shallower, increasing by 0.6 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.9 mm Hg) per 10 mm Hg pretreatment office blood pressure increase.

Figure 2.

Reduction in the systolic HBP during monotherapy categorised by pretreatment home (left panel) and office (right panel) blood pressure. Error bars indicate the 95% CI. Data were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, current smoking and drinking, hypercholesterolaemia, history of cardiovascular disease and DDD during monotherapy. DDD, defined daily dose; HBP, home blood pressure.

Stratification by the DDD

Figure 3 demonstrates the results according to the DDD of the initial antihypertensive drugs. Among 1005 patients who started monotherapy with antihypertensive drugs of 1 unit DDD, the pretreatment HBP was linearly associated with the blood pressure reduction at the time of monotherapy; the enhancement of the HBP reduction for each increase in the pretreatment HBP category was 2.6 mm Hg (95% CI: 1.9 to 3.2 mm Hg). However, among those receiving 0.5 units DDD (n=1005; occasionally the same number), significant enhancement in HBP reductions was observed up to the 155–164 mm Hg group (per one group increase, 2.1 mm Hg; 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.9 mm Hg), where it peaked; the reductions in the HBP among patients with a pretreatment HBP of 155–164 mm Hg and ≥165 mm Hg were 8.9 and 9.1 mm Hg, respectively (p=0.88). The results were confirmed when we divided the whole 2423 patients according to a DDD of <1 or ≥1 unit, as shown in online supplemental figure 3.

Figure 3.

Reduction in the systolic HBP during monotherapy categorised by pretreatment HBP, stratified by DDD (0.5 units, left panel; 1 unit, right panel). Error bars indicate 95% CIs. Data were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, current smoking and drinking, hypercholesterolaemia and history of cardiovascular disease. DDD, defined daily dose; HBP, home blood pressure.

Reduction in the follow-up blood pressure according to the pretreatment blood pressure

According to the previous report based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring,¹⁰ we compared the home and office blood pressure reductions at the end of follow-up according to the baseline pretreatment office blood pressure. After 7.0 years follow-up with a mean DDD of 1.8 units (median: 1.5; IQR: 1.0–2.5), the reduction in the office blood pressure was linearly associated with the office blood pressure during pretreatment (reduction in the home pressure from the office blood pressure category <140 to ≥180 mm Hg:7.5 to 50.7 mm Hg; figure 4). Furthermore, similar to the previous report based on ambulatory monitoring,¹⁰ the reduction in the HBP was linearly associated with the office blood pressure during the pretreatment period; however, the degree of HBP reduction per the pretreatment office blood pressure increase was weak (reduction in home pressure: 18.6 to 30.7 mm Hg). Finally, changes in the white-coat effect during the follow-up period increased significantly as the pretreatment office blood pressure increased (online supplemental figure 4; category increment p<0.0001).

Figure 4.

Reduction in the follow-up systolic blood pressure categorised by pretreatment office blood pressure. Error bars indicate 95% CIs. Data were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, current smoking and drinking, hypercholesterolaemia, history of cardiovascular disease and DDD at the end of follow-up period (mean: 7.0 years). DDD, defined daily dose.

Discussion

The antihypertensive drug effect depends on the pretreatment blood pressure. In line with Wilder’s law,¹² the HBP reduction after the initial drug treatment was proportional to the baseline pretreatment HBP in the present study. The current findings emphasise the need to assess the HBP before treatment when evaluating and initiating antihypertensive drug therapy.

Wilder indicated that the direction of the body function response depends to a large extent on the initial level of that function, regardless of the agent.¹² Wilder’s law predicts that in the most patients with severe hypertension, the decrease in blood pressure will be greater with the same medication than in those with less-severe hypertension. The statistical phenomenon of regression to the mean (regression towards the mean) is another major confounding factor hampering the accurate assessment of the effect of antihypertensive agents.²⁷ However, as shown in table 2, there were no regression trends in the HBP values from the first to the final measurement during the pretreatment or monotherapy periods, regardless of the pretreatment HBP. This finding indicates the strength of the self-measurement of HBP, as home measurement is associated with minimal (if any during an initial few days after the measurement begins²⁸ regression to the mean).^{5 6 29} Based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, regression to the mean was observed consistently among the five studies,³⁰ and a portion of the reduction in blood pressure after initiating antihypertensive treatment can be explained by this phenomenon.³⁰ However, there have been no reports investigating the biological mechanism contributing to this reduced influence of the regression to the mean phenomenon on self-measured HBP. Nevertheless, HBP measurement is likely to be useful for estimating the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.

Schmieder et al¹⁰ reported that the higher the baseline office blood pressure, the greater the blood pressure reduction after 1 year of treatment enhancement, and this was more obvious in the office blood pressure than in the ambulatory blood pressure.¹⁰ A recent meta-analysis also showed that the overall treatment-induced reduction was greater for office blood pressure than for 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure.¹¹ In the present study, the reduction in the office blood pressure at the end of a mean 7.0 years follow-up was also greater than that in the self-measured HBP (figure 4). Schmieder et al¹⁰ attributed this discrepancy to the changes in the white-coat effect, that is the higher the baseline office blood pressure, the greater the decrease in the white-coat effect due to antihypertensive treatment. This assumption was also supported by the findings of the present study (online supplemental figure 4); however, the white-coat effect may not be a main driver for the discrepancy because the HBP reduction also followed Wilder’s law despite the negative correlation between HBP and white-coat effect during the pretreatment period. Nevertheless, the out-of-office blood pressure is theoretically free from the white-coat phenomenon,⁴ and the reduction in the office blood pressure by antihypertensive treatment partially includes a reduction in the white-coat effect as well. We should therefore follow-up out-of-office-measured blood pressure carefully, since patients with a higher blood pressure tend to show a greater antihypertensive effect when their values are based on office-based measurements, while their out-of-office blood pressure reduction might be insufficient, resulting in a persistent high risk for cardiovascular complications.

Among 1005 patients who were taking low-dose antihypertensive drugs, namely at a DDD of 0.5 units, the reduction in HBP during monotherapy in the group with a pretreatment HBP of ≥165 mm Hg was almost identical to that in the group with a pretreatment HBP of 155–164 mm Hg. A high HBP is associated with a high cardiovascular disease risk over the long term, both before and during antihypertensive therapy.^{14 15} Inadequate control of office blood pressure with antihypertensive drug therapy remains a critical issue in Japan³¹ as well as in Europe³² and the USA.³³ Previous studies^{34 35} have shown the importance of rapid blood pressure control, and the current findings suggest that a sufficient dosage of antihypertensive drug from the beginning of treatment is necessary, particularly among those with a high HBP before starting treatment.

Although the need to strengthen antihypertensive drug treatment has been gradually accepted,^{1 2 9} various factors associated with medical providers, patients and healthcare systems have contributed to clinical inertia (non-compliance).^{36 37} Clinical inertia is associated with inadequate blood pressure control, resulting in the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. Medical services should help overcome clinical inertia as well as other hindrances in order to improve the blood pressure control of patients. Self-measurement of HBP is expected to ameliorate the status quo because it promotes an improved awareness among patients with high blood pressure, helping them adhere to antihypertensive lifestyle modifications and drug treatments.⁵

Our current study must be interpreted within the context of several potential limitations. First, because the patients in HOMED-BP received HBP-guided therapy,¹⁴ their treatment was adjusted according to the self-measured HBP, and the office blood pressure was used as complimentary information. Second, we excluded 1095 (31.1%) patients of the randomised HOMED-BP study, including 694 due to an insufficient number of home readings. According to online supplemental table 1, there is likely little concern about the effect of exclusion on the balance between groups; however, this lack of an effect cannot be fully guaranteed, thus we should practice caution when applying the findings regarding antihypertensive drug effect to real-world clinical practice. Third, we were unable to assess the placebo effect in the present study because all patients received antihypertensive medication. The placebo effect is a major influencing factor, in addition to Wilder’s law and the regression to the mean phenomenon, in the administration of antihypertensive medication.²⁷ Fourth, because office blood pressure was measured less than three times at each visit, the regression to the mean on office blood pressure cannot be assessed or compared with that on HBP. Finally, although our results are representative of middle-aged to old-aged Japanese patients, they might not be applicable to other settings or ethnic groups with different distributions of risk factors.

In conclusion, the reduction in the HBP by antihypertensive drug monotherapy was proportional to the HBP during the pretreatment drug-free period, in accordance with Wilder’s law.¹² However, the HBP reduction peaked in the patients who had a high pretreatment HBP (≥155 mm Hg) when treatment was initiated with low-dose antihypertensive drugs. Patients with a systolic HBP of ≥155 mm Hg before treatment might be considered to have resistant hypertension because the effect of low-dose antihypertensive drug for the blood pressure reduction reached the plateau, which seems against Wilder’s law; however, we cannot say too much about the issue because we enroled patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension in the HOMED-BP study, and those with severe hypertension that tended to be resistant were not enroled. Whether or not Wilder’s law can be similarly applied to high-risk patients with severe hypertension remains unclear. However, HBP measurement was minimally affected by regression to the mean, suggesting the usefulness of HBP measurement for estimating the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. Patients with a high HBP during pretreatment should receive a sufficient amount of antihypertensive medication starting from the very first treatment.