Abstract
Background:
Besides infertility, the treatment associated with it is potentially related to psychological stress to mothers. This study was conducted to know whether the mode of conception has any association with early postpartum depression.
Method:
A prospective cohort study was conducted on postnatal mothers at a tertiary care hospital from January to June 2019. The study participants were divided into two groups: postnatal mothers who delivered following spontaneous conception and assisted conception. Basic sociodemographic and obstetric details were collected. Postnatal depression assessment was done at the end of first and sixth week after delivery on all the mothers by using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Results:
In total, 110 subjects (55 in each group) were included in the study. The primary outcome measured was the presence of postpartum depression (EPDS score ≥10). The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 29 ± 6.4 years. The sociodemographic profiles of the two groups were comparable except for mean age, mode of delivery, socioeconomic status, prepregnancy body mass index —the group differences in these variables were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in the EPDS scores at one week or six weeks of postpartum among the two groups. Comparison of EPDS score among the two groups by Fisher’s exact test showed that those mothers with a past history of depression were more likely to have postpartum depression immediately after delivery.
Conclusion:
Mode of conception was not associated with an increase in postpartum depression among women who underwent infertility treatment.
Keywords: Postpartum depression, infertility, assisted reproductive techniques, mode of conception
Key Messages: Mothers who deliver after successful infertility treatment are not at increased risk for early postpartum depression than mothers who conceived spontaneously.
Globally, around 50 million couples experience infertility, and there is an increasing trend noted in the South Asian population.1 The treatment for infertility varies from pharmacological induction to assisted reproductive techniques (ART). The availability of ART is limited in certain parts of the world, particularly in developing countries like India.2 Many studies have investigated the emotional stress related to infertility.3, 4 There have been reports of adverse effects on the psychological health of women who receive infertility treatment, including a high state of anxiety and a tendency to develop depression.5 Pregnancy after infertility treatment brings increased anxiety and psychological stress to the mother about the outcome of the pregnancy and the care of the precious newborn.6 Nevertheless, knowledge on psychological problems that follow after a positive outcome as a result of infertility treatment is limited. With respect to the parental role, women who conceive by in vitro fertilization (IVF) report lower levels of self-esteem and parenting competence than first-time mothers with no history of infertility.7 Women who conceive after infertility treatment are prone to complications like pre-eclampsia, multiple births, gestational complications, cesarean birth, and preterm labor.8 Gender of the baby adds to the mother’s stress in countries like Japan and India due to the prevalent sociocultural beliefs.9, 10 Limited prospective study is available on the association between the mode of conception and early postnatal depression in women who receive infertility treatment in developing countries.11 This study was conducted to find out whether the mode of conception is associated with early postpartum depression.
Materials and Methods
This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology on postnatal mothers at a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, from January to June 2019, after getting approval from the Institute Ethical Committee. Subjects were recruited during the first week of the postpartum period by consecutive sampling, after obtaining informed written consent. The study population was divided into two groups.
Group I: Spontaneous conception (SC)—mothers who conceived spontaneously without any medical assistance.
Group II: Assisted conception (AC)—mothers who conceived after infertility treatment like pharmacological assistance (ovulation induction drugs) or ART (IVF, intrauterine insemination).
Matching was done based on their education and employment status. Mothers less than 18 years of age have been excluded from the study. As per the sample size calculation based on the reported prevalence of postpartum depression as 11%12 with 95% confidence interval (CI) and 5% precision, 150 patients were recruited for the study. Among 150 mothers recruited, only 110 subjects (55 in each group) completed the study.
Assessments were done at first week (after third postpartum day) and sixth week after delivery on all the patients. This included age of mother, education, occupation, duration of infertility, parity, type of conception, past history of depression treatment, duration of pregnancy, mode of delivery, gender of baby, multiple births, birth weight of baby, partner support (yes, a lot/yes, a little/no) and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) based on history and clinical records. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess postpartum depression in all the patients. Those who screened positive (score ≥10) for depression, underwent structured assessment and psychological intervention as part of routine treatment.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v.17 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square test was used to analyze the differences between discrete variables, and student’s t-test to analyze the continuous variables. To investigate the relationship between the mode of conception and postpartum depressive symptoms and to identify the predictors of depressive symptoms, Fisher’s exact test was performed and Bonferroni correction was applied.
Results
The primary outcome measured was the presence of postpartum depression (EPDS score ≥10). The AC group included women who had conceived by using pharmacological intervention (n = 06 [5.5%]), intrauterine insemination (n = 3 [2.7%]), or IVF (n = 46 [41.9%]).
Reasons reported by mothers in the AC group who were treated for secondary infertility are as follows: (a) need for a sibling to the first child, (b) prior child was conceived through ART, (c) recurrent demise of children during infancy, and (d) desire to have a child with her second husband.
Among the 110 study participants, 101 (92.0%) were primiparous and 9 (8.2%) were multiparous. The mean ± SD age of the participants was 29 ± 6.4 years. The sociodemographic profiles of the two groups were comparable except for mean age, mode of delivery, socioeconomic status, and prepregnancy BMI—the group differences in these variables were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) (Table 1).
Table 1. Distribution of Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants by Mode of Conception (n = 110).
| Variable | N (%) | Normal Conception Group (55) | Assisted Reproductive Technology (55) | Group Comparisons and P Value |
|
| Age mean (SD) | 29 ± 6.4 years | 26 ± 4.5 | 32 ± 6.5 | <0.005a | |
| Number of pregnancy |
Single | 101 (91.8) | 53 (96.3) | 48 (87.2) | 0.08b |
| Multi | 9 (8.1) | 2 (3.6) | 7 (12.7) | ||
| Mode of delivery | Vaginal delivery | 17 (15.4) | 15 (27.2) | 2 (3.6) | <0.001c |
| LSCS | 93 (84.5) | 40 (72.7) | 53 (96.3) | ||
| Baby gender | Male | 51 (46.3) | 26 (47.2) | 25 (45.4) | 0.8c |
| Female | 59 (53.6) | 29 (52.7) | 30 (54.5) | ||
| Education | Up to middle school | 99 (90) | 50 (90.9) | 49 (89) | 0.7c |
| High school and above | 11 (10) | 5 (9) | 6 (11) | ||
| Employment status | Unemployed | 87 (79) | 44 (80) | 43 (78) | 0.8c |
| Employed | 23 (21) | 11(20) | 12 (22) | ||
| BMI | <30 | 92 (83.6) | 51 (92.7) | 41 (74.5) | 0.01b |
| >30 | 18 (16.3) | 4 (7.2) | 14 (25.4) | ||
| Age group | <30 | 65 (59) | 43 (78) | 22 (40) | 0.002c |
| >30 | 45 (41) | 12 (22) | 33 (60) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | Below poverty line | 33 (30) | 24 (43) | 9 (16) | 0.002c |
| Above poverty line | 77 (70) | 31 (57) | 46 (84) |
aIndependent student’s t-test, bFischer’s exact test, cChi-square test.
A total of 15 (13.6%) mothers had high EPDS scores (≥10) during the postpartum period. Seven (6.3%) mothers (three in SC group and four in AC group) screened positive for depression during the first week of the postpartum period (baseline). Eight (7.2%) mothers (five in SC group and three in AC group) screened positive for depression at six weeks postpartum (follow-up). There was no significant difference in EPDS scores at baseline or six weeks of postpartum among two groups (Table 2). Seven mothers who screened positive for depression underwent psychological intervention and showed improvement in their follow-up assessment.
Table 2. Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Score ≥ 10) over Time Among the Postpartum Women by the Mode of Conception (n = 110).
| Depression | N (%) | Normal Conception 55 |
Assisted Delivery 55 |
Group Comparisons and P Values of Chi-Square Test | |
| Immediately after delivery (baseline) | Yes | 7 (6.3) | 3 (5.4) | 4 (7.2) | 1.0 |
| No | 103 (93.7) | 52 (94.5) | 51 (92.7) | ||
| Six weeks follow-up | Yes | 8 (7.2) | 5 (9) | 3 (5.4) | 0.7 |
| No | 102 (92.8) | 50 (91) | 52 (94.6) |
An exploratory analysis was done using Fisher’s exact test and applying Bonferroni correction, for various sociodemographic and obstetric factors like age group, education, employment, prepregnancy BMI, parity, and maternal factors like parity, past history of depression, duration of pregnancy, type of delivery, baby gender, number of pregnancy, birth weight, breastfeeding adequacy, medical morbidity, and partner support.
During the first week of postnatal period, mothers with a past history of depression (P ≤ 0.003) were significantly associated with postnatal depression, but none of the factors were significant at six weeks postpartum.
Discussion
Psychological stress during an assisted reproductive treatment has been widely documented in the literature.13 However, the question of whether AC is associated with postpartum mental health disorders, particularly postpartum depression, remains to be adequately answered. This was a prospective cohort study with mothers who conceived after infertility treatment as subjects and those who conceived after natural conception as the controls. The problem of follow-up of these patients was overcome by an assessment done during their follow-up for immunization, contraception, or postnatal check-up.
We found, not surprisingly, that the mean age of women who conceived after infertility treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.005) compared to the SC group, and the majority of them were from higher socioeconomic status (P < 0.01). Similarly, operative delivery was significantly more (P < 0.001) in the infertility group, maybe because of the high incidence of obstetric complications and also increased anxiety related to fetal well-being. There was not much difference observed between the two groups with respect to the other demographic variables.
On analysis of the EPDS score among the two groups, a past history of depression was found to be a significant predictor of postpartum depression during the first week, with no significance found at the sixth week. This finding is supported by an earlier study by Fiorella et al., where EPDS score was found high during the third trimester and one week postpartum but not in the late postpartum period. They hypothesized that mothers who conceived after infertility treatment are more concerned and experience more anxiety and fear related to pregnancy outcome. For this reason, the exacerbation of depressive feelings would tend to persist after childbirth, and the evidence of a healthy baby after delivery may only partly reassure them, and hence, they continue to experience depressive symptoms.14
In our study, a past history of depression was found to be significantly associated with early postpartum depression, which is in concordance with Australian study.15
Mori et al. conducted a prospective cohort study with the participants being recruited from 13 Japanese hospitals. Using self-report questionnaires, a total of 2,709 women (response rate: 71.9%) provided longitudinal data at five time points: during their hospital stay and at one, two, four, and six months postpartum. They observed that there was no significant association between the mode of conception and the depressive symptoms at any time point.16 Similarly, a prospective cohort study done by Jane Fisher among 1,179 women in Australia through telephone interviews and self-report postal questionnaires found no association between mode of conception and postpartum depression.17 A web-based study conducted by Pietro et al. among 3,823 mothers observed that conception after IVF is not associated with maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy or postpartum.18
A systematic review and meta-analysis done by Gressier et al. in high-income countries found no significant association between postpartum depression and medically AC.19 Our study result is consistent with that of previous studies where the mode of conception did not influence postpartum depression.16–20
In India, boys are preferred over girls, due to the belief that boys can take over the family as a leader contributing to the economic prosperity of the family. Morizummi (2008) found that the majority of the couple had a balance gender preference towards daughter and sons.21 The gender of the baby was almost equally distributed in our study (51:59; M:F), which did not have any influence on the postpartum emotional state of the mother. The mothers who conceived after infertility treatment do not have any gender preference in comparison to naturally conceived mother, as such a baby is precious to them.9
In our study, partner support was not significantly influencing the early postpartum depression as the immediate primary caregivers for mothers are better in Indian culture following delivery, whereas it might influence at a later part of the postpartum period where mothers are expected to return to their husband’s family.16, 22 A study done by Tendais et al. found no change in postpartum anxiety score between mothers who conceived spontaneously versus postinfertility treatment group with regard to multiple births of the baby. Our study is consistent with their result.23
Though other studies found risk factors like multiple pregnancies, maternal complication, emergency caesarean delivery among mothers with postpartum depression.22–24 Our study did not find any significance for the above-discussed factors in view of deliveries conducted in a tertiary center with adequate antenatal mental health support, the methodological difference (hospital-based follow-up study with comparison group, assessed by a single interviewer, face to face interview method), less sample size, and early follow-up. Moreover, other studies were done among the general population and patients were followed up to six months, which might influence at a later part of the postpartum period.
To our knowledge, our study is the first Indian study to focus on postpartum depression in mothers who conceived with ART, which are not widely available for the general population in various parts of India. With the increasing rate of ART centers, a study on women’s mental health related to infertility treatment is of paramount importance. However, our study had limitations with regard to the small sample size and short duration of follow-up in the postpartum period.
Conclusion
In the present study, conception after infertility treatment by any means is not significantly associated with early postpartum depression in comparison to mother who conceived spontaneously without any medical assistance. However, further studies can focus more on large sample size, long-term follow-up, and assessment of postpartum depression severity in relation to other factors influencing infertility.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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