Complications of nasal and pharyngeal swabs: a relevant challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic comprises approximately 50 million confirmed cases and over 1.2 million deaths as of 10 November, 2020 [1], affecting healthcare systems worldwide in an unprecedented way. In the absence of effective treatments or preventive measures, all attempts to control the pandemic are based on reliable diagnostic procedures, particularly RT-PCR of upper respiratory specimens, which is considered the diagnostic gold standard [2]. A previously unimaginable number of these diagnostic procedures has been performed since the beginning of the pandemic and there is a clear trend towards further expanding the number of tests [3]. Although specimens are frequently obtained by semi-skilled temporary staff, the collection is generally considered safe. However, possible adverse events of the procedure have largely escaped systematic recording and reporting to date. A Pubmed search, performed on 10 October, 2020, using every possible combination of the search terms “complications”, “adverse events”, “adverse effects” and “nasal swab”, “oral swab”, “nasopharyngeal swab”, “oropharyngeal swab”, revealed only three publications relevant for the question of adverse events caused by pharyngeal swab procedures. The first one represents a case report describing the break of a nasal swab by triggering the swab's breakpoint mechanism during the examination of an uncooperative patient [4]. The second publication compared commercially available swabs with three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs, reporting different mild complications in several individuals, and one individual with severe epistaxis needing medical help [5]. Lastly, one case of cerebrospinal fluid leak requiring endoscopic surgical repair was reported after a nasal COVID-19 test [6]. Of note, even the second study investigated adverse events in only 176 individuals [5].

Short abstract

Although swab procedures during SARS-CoV-2 testing are generally safe (3 adverse events in 11 476 swab procedures; 0.026%), increased awareness of complications is necessary, considering approximately 5.1 million tests conducted worldwide daily. https://bit.ly/2J5sd96

To the Editor:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic comprises approximately 50 million confirmed cases and over 1.2 million deaths as of 10 November, 2020 [1], affecting healthcare systems worldwide in an unprecedented way. In the absence of effective treatments or preventive measures, all attempts to control the pandemic are based on reliable diagnostic procedures, particularly RT-PCR of upper respiratory specimens, which is considered the diagnostic gold standard [2]. A previously unimaginable number of these diagnostic procedures has been performed since the beginning of the pandemic and there is a clear trend towards further expanding the number of tests [3]. Although specimens are frequently obtained by semi-skilled temporary staff, the collection is generally considered safe. However, possible adverse events of the procedure have largely escaped systematic recording and reporting to date. A Pubmed search, performed on 10 October, 2020, using every possible combination of the search terms “complications”, “adverse events”, “adverse effects” and “nasal swab”, “oral swab”, “nasopharyngeal swab”, “oropharyngeal swab”, revealed only three publications relevant for the question of adverse events caused by pharyngeal swab procedures. The first one represents a case report describing the break of a nasal swab by triggering the swab's breakpoint mechanism during the examination of an uncooperative patient [4]. The second publication compared commercially available swabs with three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs, reporting different mild complications in several individuals, and one individual with severe epistaxis needing medical help [5]. Lastly, one case of cerebrospinal fluid leak requiring endoscopic surgical repair was reported after a nasal COVID-19 test [6]. Of note, even the second study investigated adverse events in only 176 individuals [5].

Here, we evaluated complications caused by deep nasal and oropharyngeal swabs requiring immediate medical attention in a large, representative cohort from Northern Germany and estimated the number of tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) involving swab procedures during the pandemic worldwide.

Within our population-based SARS-CoV-2 monitoring study (ELISA cohort), 11 476 deep nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken in 3083 individuals from May to August 2020. Swab collection followed a clinically approved protocol as performed at the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany, and consisted of combined deep nasal (mid-turbinate) and oropharyngeal swabs in each participant. The deep nasal swab was performed by inserting the swab 2–3 cm into one nostril (until resistance was felt at the turbinates), while gently rotating. The same swab was then inserted through the mouth and rubbed between the tonsillar pillars over the posterior oropharynx avoiding the tongue, teeth, and gums. CE-marked PROBACT Transport Swabs (Technical Service Consultants Ltd., UK) and CITOSWAB Transport Swabs (Citotest Scientific, China) were used throughout the study. Specially trained medical students performed the swabs under the on-site supervision of a medical doctor.

Adverse events were documented in a standardised manner and classified as situations requiring immediate medical diagnosis or treatment, whereas severe adverse events were considered study-related complications causing permanent damage.

We observed a total of three adverse events (0.026%, 95% CI 0.007–0.077%). In two individuals, a 53-year-old and a 55-year-old male, the swab's tip broke off. In both cases, the swab tip was not visible by inspection. While the first person had a foreign body sensation, the second person did not report any similar complaints. Both individuals were immediately transferred to an otorhinolaryngology clinic, where the swab tip was retrieved without complications by nasal endoscopy in the first individual. The swab tip was no longer detectable in the second person despite a thorough examination by an otorhinolaryngologist, suggesting that the tip had been swallowed without further complications. Third, a 29-year-old female developed a spontaneous anterior dislocation of the left temporomandibular joint when opening her mouth for the oropharyngeal swab. Exhibiting relevant pain, she was admitted to a hospital by ambulance for external jaw repositioning. Notably, no individual developed epistaxis that would have required medical care, nor were there any severe adverse events.

According to World Health Organization data, at least 645 million tests involving swab procedures have been performed since the beginning of the pandemic until 13 November, 2020. In the first half of November 2020, the total number of daily tests amounted to 5.1 million (table 1). Of note, the observed occurrence of adverse events in 0.026% of swab procedures is possibly still an underestimate, as we performed a combination of deep nasal and oropharyngeal swabs that yield comparable virus detection rates [7], but are less invasive than nasopharyngeal swabs.

TABLE 1.

Number of swab procedures for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 until 13 November, 2020

Continent	Countries included	Population included (million)	Tests total (million)#	Tests daily¶
Africa	18	731	15.0	74 584
Asia	25	2742	219.8	1 806 250
Europe	32	642	213.2	1 989 026
North America	9	546	175.9	1 085 027
Oceania	3	31	10.4	46 852
South America	6	110	10.9	75 013
Total	93	4807	645.2	5 076 752

Based on World Health Organization data (source: https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data/ as accessed on 16 November, 2020). ^#: cumulative number of tests since March 2020, latest value period 2–13 November, 2020; ^¶: daily number of tests, latest value period 2–13 November, 2020, smoothed (7 days).

Our results from a well-monitored, large cohort demonstrate that the combination of deep nasal and oropharyngeal swabs is generally safe. Adverse events are very rare, severe adverse events are unlikely, but they cannot be entirely ruled out. However, given the exceptionally high number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed worldwide that involve an increasing number of healthy, asymptomatic individuals with very low a priori probabilities for acute infections [8, 9], adverse events of the diagnostic procedure require appropriate attention, as is common practice in SARS-CoV-2 drug and vaccine development.

In conclusion, we would like to encourage: 1) increased awareness for adverse events during the standard medical procedure for SARS-CoV-2 testing; 2) the provision of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures in case of adverse events; and 3) further research addressing adverse events, including the need to implement appropriate informed consent in clinical as well as in research settings.

Shareable PDF

This one-page PDF can be shared freely online.

Shareable PDF ERJ-04004-2020.Shareable ^{(375KB, pdf)}