Figure 4.

The Gut-Chip and Models Derived From It

(A) The first human-gut-on-a-chip (the Gut-Chip) was used to demonstrate that probiotic gut microbiota can protect against enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)-induced, immune cell-associated injury on chip with the presence of PBMCs (immune cells) Reproduced with permission from(Kim et al., 2016a).

(B) Schematic of the Gut-Chip.

(C) Shigella-WT-GFP (green) infections in the Intestine chip is dependent upon flow and stretch (Reproduced with permission from Grassart et al., 2019).

(D) The Anoxic-Oxic interface (AOI) on a chip generates an oxygen gradient by balancing the flow rates of anoxic and oxic culture medium. The authors co-cultured B. adolescentis with the 3D epithelial cells on the AOI chip, which show significantly increased viability and demonstrate enhanced barrier integrity quantified using TEER (Shin et al., 2019) CC-BY-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

(E) The Duodenum Intestine chip shows multi-lineage differentiation of the human intestine and shows the expression of markers specific for each differentiated intestinal type (Kasendra et al., 2020) CC-BY-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

(F) The Colon-on-chip was used to study prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced mucous layer swelling on the chip (Sontheimer-Phelps et al., 2020) CC-BY-4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).