Table 5.
Ongoing worldwide clinical trials evaluating anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies against advanced thyroid cancers
| ICIs | Combination | Condition | Country | Estimated enrollment | Study Phase | NTC Number | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-PD-1 | Nivolumab | ± Anti-CTLA-4 | Rare tumors | USA | 818 | 2 | NCT02834013 |
| (Ipilimumab ®) | RAI refractory TC | USA | 54 | 2 | NCT03246958 | ||
| Pembrolizumab | - | Advanced refractory solid tumors | Worldwide | 1395 | 2 | NCT02628067 | |
| Advanced refractory rare solid tumors | France | 350 | 2 | NCT03012620 | |||
| ATC | USA | 20 | 2 | NCT02688608 | |||
| Advanced unresectable MTC | USA | 30 | 2 | NCT03072160 | |||
|
± Chemo-Radiation ± Surgery (Docetaxel + Doxorubicin + IMRT) |
ATC | USA | NA | 2 | NCT03211117 | ||
| ± Chemotherapy (Docetaxel) | Poorly chemo-responsive TC and salivary gland cancer | USA | 46 | 2 | NCT03360890 | ||
| ± RTKi (Lenvatinib ®) | Advanced refractory DTC | USA | 60 | 2 | NCT02973997 | ||
| ± Oncolytic bacteria | Advanced refractory solid tumors | USA | 18 | 1 | NCT03435952 | ||
| Clostridium Novyi-NT | |||||||
| Anti-PD-L1 | Atezolizumab | ± BRAFi (Vemurafenib ®) | PDTC - ATC - MTC | USA | 50 | 2 | NCT03181100 |
| ± MEKi (Cobimetinib ®) | |||||||
| ± VEGFi (Bevacizumab ®) | |||||||
| ± Chemotherapy (Nab-paclitaxel/Paclitaxel) | |||||||
| ± RTKi (Cabozantinib ®) |
Advanced solid tumors | Europe, USA | 1732 | 1/2 | NCT03170960 | ||
| Avelumab | ± Anti-OX40 (PF-0451860) ± Anti-TNFRSF9 (Utomilumab ®) ± Radiotherapy |
Advanced refractory solid tumors | USA | 184 | 1/2 | NCT03217747 | |
| Durvalumab | ± RAI | Advanced DTC | USA | NA | 1 | NCT03215095 | |
| ± Anti-CTLA-4 Tremelimumab | Advanced refractory DTC | Spain | 46 | 2 | NCT03753919 | ||
|
± Anti-CTLA-4 Tremelimumab ± Radiotherapy |
Metastatic ATC | USA | NA | 1 | NCT03122496 | ||
Abbreviations: ATC, Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma; BRAFi, BRAF inhibitor; DTC, Differentiated thyroid carcinoma; IMRT, Intensity-modulated radiation therapy; MEKi, MEK inhibitor; MTC, Medullary thyroid carcinoma; NA, Non specified data; PD-1, Programmed cell death receptor 1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1; PDTC, Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma; PTC, Papillary thyroid carcinoma; RAI, Radioiodine therapy; RTKi, Receptor of tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TC, Thyroid carcinoma; VEGFi, VEGF inhibitor. Studies in bold and italics were designed specifically for TC, while the others included all subtypes of TC.