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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2020 Dec;38(6):642–646. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.06.006

唇腭裂术后瘢痕及上颌扩弓联合前牵引治疗对上颌骨发育综合影响的有限元分析

Finite element analysis of the comprehensive impact of scar and maxillary expansion combined with protraction on the development of maxilla with cleft lip and palate after repair operation

Wei Huang 1, Yinghui Li 2, Kaili Guo 3, Yongchuan Zhou 4, Xiangjun Li 1,
Editor: 杜 冰
PMCID: PMC7738921  PMID: 33377340

Abstract

Objective

To study the comprehensive impact of scar and maxillary expansion combined with protraction on the development of maxilla with cleft lip and palate after repair operation.

Methods

In the original finite element model of the maxilla with cleft palate, a finite element model of the maxilla with cleft lip and palate was established by using Boolean operation in ANSYS. Scar force after cleft lip and palate repair and maxillary expansion force combined with protraction were added simultaneously to process the stress analysis.

Results

Maxillary deformation occurred in the three-dimensional direction. The comparison of displacements was as follows: X-axis>Z-axis>Y-axis.

Conclusion

Maxillary growth is significantly inhibited in the three-dimensional direction under the comprehensive impact of scar and maxillary expansion combined with protraction after repair operation, especially transverse and sagittal growth.

Keywords: cleft lip and palate, scar, orthodontic treatment, maxillary growth, three-dimensional finite element


唇腭裂是颅面部最常见的一种先天发育异常性疾病[1][2],手术治疗为主要手段,然而术后常出现上颌发育不足的现象[3][5]。上颌扩弓联合前牵引治疗能对上颌骨发育起到明显促进作用,已成为唇腭裂术后正畸治疗的必要手段[6][7]。唇腭裂患者经正畸治疗后上颌骨发育情况尚存在争议,且以往研究多为临床观察[8][9],受观察周期等影响因素限制。本研究采用有限元方法,建立唇腭裂上颌骨有限元模型,对唇腭裂术后瘢痕力及上颌扩弓联合前牵引力进行模拟,分析其综合作用下上颌骨的发育情况,以期从理论上对唇腭裂患者正畸治疗后的上颌骨发育情况进行解释。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 唇腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型的建立

在原腭裂上颌骨有限元模型基础上[10]图1),通过ANSYS 17.0软件,于双侧上颌尖牙牙槽突之间外侧区域添加一层8 mm厚组织[11],赋予材料属性[12],弹性模量为1.5 MPa,泊松比为0.49,即完成了含上唇软组织的唇腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型的建立(图2)。

图 1. 连为一体的腭裂上颌骨有限元模型.

图 1

Fig 1 Connected finite element model of maxilla with cleft palate

图 2. 连为一体的唇腭裂上颌骨有限元模型.

图 2

Fig 2 Connected finite element model of maxilla with cleft lip and palate

1.2. 添加工况

在所建立的唇腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型上添加工况,即同时添加唇腭裂术后瘢痕力与上颌扩弓联合前牵引力,其中术后瘢痕力包括上唇压力及腭部瘢痕力,工况力值的设定[10],[13][14]表1,限制面设定为双侧上颌骨后端翼颌连接区[10]

表 1. 工况力值的设定.

Tab 1 Setting working condition

工况名称 施力部位 力值大小/N 施力方向
上唇压力 上唇软组织与牙槽突交界区 7.16 垂直于牙槽突前表面
腭部瘢痕力 腭板软硬组织交界区 17.52 由前向后,由外向内
上颌扩弓力 双侧上颌第一前磨牙、第一磨牙牙槽嵴顶区 4.9 平行于Inline graphic平面水平向两侧
上颌前牵引力 双侧上颌尖牙牙槽嵴顶区 4.9 Inline graphic平面前下30°

1.3. 力学分析

添加工况后进行力学分析,分别研究总位移、X轴、Y轴及Z轴位移云图形变趋势,每组位移云图均从横断面及冠状面两个角度观察健、患侧牙槽突前段形变量,并对X轴、Y轴及Z轴形变量进行横向比较。

2. 结果

总位移云图观察可见,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,牙槽突前段形变最明显,由前向后逐渐降低,最大形变位移为7.732 89。X轴位移云图代表横向形变,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,由前向后逐渐降低,牙槽突及颌骨体前段形变最明显,健、患侧上颌骨均向裂隙中央区移动(上颌骨宽度缩窄),最大形变分别为4.627 31、6.492 63。Y轴位移云图代表垂直向形变,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,由前向后逐渐降低,牙槽突及颌骨体前段形变最明显,健、患侧上颌骨均向下移动(上颌骨高度降低),最大形变分别为4.064 97、2.239 77。Z轴位移云图代表矢状向形变,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,由前内向后外逐渐降低,牙槽突前段形变最明显,健、患侧上颌骨大部分均向后移动(上颌骨突度缩小),最大形变分别为4.651 72、3.762 62(图3~6)。由以上结果可见,上颌骨在X轴、Y轴、Z轴三维方向上均出现明显形变,且健、患侧牙槽突前段形变量(即最大形变量)相比较,X轴>Z轴>Y轴。这说明在唇腭裂术后瘢痕及上颌扩弓联合前牵引治疗综合影响下,上颌骨在三维方向上均出现明显生长抑制现象,其中以横向及矢状向生长抑制最明显。

图 3. 总位移云图.

图 3

Fig 3 Displacement venctor sum

左:横断面;右:冠状面。

图 6. Z轴方向位移.

图 6

Fig 6 Z-component of displacement

左:横断面;右:冠状面。

图 4. X轴方向位移.

图 4

Fig 4 X-component of displacement

左:横断面;右:冠状面。

图 5. Y轴方向位移.

图 5

Fig 5 Y-component of displacement

左:横断面;右:冠状面。

3. 讨论

3.1. 瘢痕力与正畸力的选取

Huang等[15]与Kongprasert等[16]均认为唇裂术后瘢痕组织产生的一种持续性压力是唇裂手术抑制上颌骨发育的关键。Ye等[17]将80名成年单侧完全性唇腭裂患者根据是否行腭裂修补术进行分组研究,认为腭裂术后的瘢痕挛缩是抑制上颌骨生长发育的关键。故笔者将唇裂术后上唇压力与腭裂术后腭部瘢痕力这两种力作为影响上颌骨发育的关键力进行模拟。

有学者[7]通过对唇腭裂患者正畸治疗文献回顾,认为唇腭裂患者替牙期正畸治疗的关键是纠正上颌横向及矢状向的发育不足,上颌扩弓联合前牵引治疗疗效显著,为该阶段正畸治疗的主要手段。故笔者将上颌扩弓联合前牵引力作为唇腭裂术后正畸治疗的关键力进行模拟。

3.2. 4种力值的设定

唇裂术后唇匝肌张力降低20%[18],故可推论唇裂术后上唇压力大于正常唇压力,故本实验选取正常唇压力值[13]进行研究,较临床力值偏小,但结合研究结果上颌骨呈现出明显生长抑制现象,若增加上唇压力至临床力值,那么抑制效应会更加明显,研究结果是一致的。腭部瘢痕力为根据单侧完全性唇腭裂患者平均裂隙宽度[19]及两瓣法术式特点进行物理公式运算所得[10],上颌扩弓联合前牵引力均为临床常规治疗力值[14],均具有一定代表性。

3.3. 唇腭裂患者正畸治疗后的上颌骨发育情况

Susami等[20]对11名在混合牙列期行上颌前牵引治疗的单侧完全性唇腭裂患者进行观察发现,发育完成时仍有5名患者存在明显上颌骨发育不足的现象,需后期行正颌手术治疗。Park等[21]通过对131名经过正畸治疗的唇腭裂患者行头影测量发现,即便完善正畸治疗,仍有相当一部分唇腭裂患者存在明显上颌矢状向发育不足的现象。Lisson等[8]通过对40例患者进行临床观察也得出了上述结论。本研究结果与以上研究结论相近,认为唇腭裂患者经历正畸治疗后仍存在明显上颌发育不足。以上研究均采用临床观察,主要通过二维的头颅侧位片进行比较,而本研究采用有限元技术,在三维方向上进行受力分析,结果发现不仅存在矢状向发育不足,同时横向发育不足更加明显。

然而其他学者研究得出不同结论:Sutthidechanai等[22]对32名早期行上颌扩弓及牵引治疗的单侧完全性唇腭裂患者观察发现,正畸治疗后咬合关系及侧貌均得到了明显改善,趋于正常,该研究发现正畸治疗后主要由于齿性关系的改变而改善了软组织侧貌,对于上颌骨骨性的改变并未给予过多描述。Kobayashi等[9]对7名伴有前颌前突的双侧完全性唇腭裂患者依次采取术前正畸矫正、唇粘连术、牙龈骨膜成形术、Furlow术及上颌前牵引治疗,待其10岁时进行头影测量观察发现,所有患者上颌骨测量值均同正常同龄儿童相近,但并未对其进行远期随访。本结果与以上研究结论存在差异,分析其原因为Kobayashi等[9]的研究腭裂术式为Furlow术,且无法确定远期疗效。而本实验中腭部瘢痕力为模拟腭裂两瓣法所得[10],腭裂两瓣法较Furlow术而言对上颌骨发育影响更大[23]。此外,本研究采用有限元技术,不受观察周期等影响因素的限制。

因为三维有限元只能对限定的条件因素进行约束与模拟,故其研究结果存在一定局限性。本研究仅对唇腭裂手术瘢痕及正畸治疗中两种主要矫治力进行了限制考虑,对于影响上颌骨发育的其他因素比如唇腭裂患者发育的内在固有因素、手术时机的选择及术前是否已行正畸矫正等因素均未考量,将在后续研究中进一步实现对这些因素的模拟。

综上所述,在唇腭裂术后瘢痕及上颌扩弓联合前牵引治疗综合影响下,上颌骨在三维方向上均出现明显生长抑制现象,其中以横向及矢状向生长抑制最明显,由此可推论单侧完全性唇腭裂患者正畸治疗后,仍存在上颌发育不足的现象,可能需要正颌手术等进一步治疗。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 河北省医学科学研究课题计划(20190097)

Supported by: Medical Science Research Project in Hebei Province (20190097).

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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