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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Oct 7;52(6):1112–1116. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.021

以苄索氯胺和异丙醇为主要有效成分的消毒剂对牙科印模精度的影响

Effect of disinfectant with benzethon chloramine and isopropanol as main active ingredients on the accuracy of dental impression

Di XU 1,*, Dong-hao WEI 1,*, Ya-chi ZHANG 1, Ping DI 1,*, Ye LIN 1
PMCID: PMC7745263  PMID: 33331323

Abstract

Objective

To assess the effect of disinfectant (Cavicide) with benzethon chloramine and isopropanol as main active ingredients disinfectant on dental impression accuracy.

Methods

The effect of Cavicide on three impression materials (alginate, polyether and vinylpolysiloxane) were assessed using a standard model. The standard model was digitized by an extraoral scanner (IScan D103i, Imetric). For each kind of impression materials, thirty impressions were taken following the manufactures' instruction in the same conditions. Subsequently, the impressions were randomly divided into three groups, with ten impressions in each group. After the impression taking was completed, the three groups underwent pure water rinse for 1 min (blank control, BC), 2% glutaraldehyde solution immersion disinfection for 30 min (glutaraldehyde, GD), and Cavicide solution spray disinfection for 5 min (Cavicide, CC), respectively. All the impressions were digitized by the extraoral scanner (IScan D103i, Imetric) after disinfection and exported to a dedicated three-dimensional analysis software (Geomagic Qualify 2014, Geomagic, USA). In the software, the digital models of the impressions were trimmed to teeth and then superimposed with the digitized standard model via best-fit alignment. Root mean square (RMS) was used to evaluate the deviations between the impression and the standard model. The deviation in the anterior and posterior regions was evaluated respectively. One-way ANOVA test and the LSD post-hoc test were used to compare the deviations between the three groups (P < 0.05). The color map of each superimposition was saved for visual analysis.

Results

For the polyether and vinylpolysiloxane materials, the difference between the three groups was not statistically significant (P=0.933, P=0.827). For the alginate material, the difference in posterior region between group GD and group BC, as well as group GD and group CC were statistically significant (GD vs. BC, P=0.001; GD vs. CC, P=0.002), while the difference between group BC and group CC was not statistically significant (P=0.854). The visual analysis showed an obvious deviation in the buccal-lingual direction in group GD.

Conclusion

Disinfectant (Cavicide) with benzethon chloramine and isopropanol as main active ingredients using spray disinfection has no effect on the accuracy of the alginate, polyether and vinylpolysiloxane impressions.

Keywords: Dental impression, Disinfection, Accuracy, Three-dimensional


牙科印模制取过程中,印模存在被患者唾液及血液内病原微生物污染的可能,对医护人员及牙科技师构成潜在感染风险,仅使用清水冲洗印模无法完全去除印模表面的病原微生物,为避免印模制取导致的交叉感染的发生,印模在灌注石膏模型前需进行消毒, 因此,印模的消毒是印模制取后灌制石膏模型前必不可少的环节[1]

理想的印模消毒剂应具备良好的消毒效果,对口腔内潜在的各种致病微生物均具有杀灭作用。同时,消毒剂不应影响印模精度,消毒后不会导致印模发生形变。此外,为便于临床使用,消毒时间不宜过长。目前口腔临床常用的印模消毒剂主要为2%(质量分数)戊二醛。研究表明, 采用2%(质量分数)戊二醛消毒剂对印模进行浸泡消毒,需至少30 min才能达到消毒要求[2]。Cavicide是一种新型消毒剂,以苄素氯胺和异丙醇为主要有效成分,苄素氯胺含量为0.28%,异丙醇含量为17.2%[3]。作为一种复合成分的消毒剂,其对于牙科印模具有较理想的消毒效果。已有研究证实[4],Cavicide消毒剂可有效杀灭多种病原微生物,消毒效果显著优于传统戊二醛消毒剂,且所需消毒时间明显缩短,满足口腔印模消毒要求的推荐消毒时间为5 min。同时有研究表明[5], Cavicide消毒剂对于HBV病毒的消毒杀灭时间仅需3 min,且无刺激性气味,与戊二醛消毒剂相比,Cavicide消毒剂更加便于操作,并且对操作者刺激性明显减小。

由于牙科模型的精度要求高,消毒剂对印模精度的影响与消毒效能同样重要。理想的印模消毒剂不仅对口腔中各种潜在的病原微生物具有理想的消毒效果,同时还不应对印模精度产生影响。对于弹性体印模(聚醚橡胶、聚硫橡胶、硅橡胶等),喷雾消毒和浸泡消毒均可达到消毒灭菌的效果。对于不可逆性水胶体印模,目前最常用的方法是浸泡消毒,但考虑其吸水膨胀的特性,需严格控制消毒时间。国内外研究均有报道藻酸盐印模在化学消毒剂中浸泡超过30 min将发生显著的体积变化[6-7]。Cavicide消毒剂喷洒消毒既可达到理想的消毒效果,且所需时间短,减少了消毒过程对于印模精度影响的可能性,然而Cavicide消毒剂对于印模精度影响的相关报道较少见,本研究旨在探究Cavicide消毒剂对于牙科印模精度的影响。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 金标准的建立

使用标准上颌牙列模型(Nobel Biocare,瑞典)制取印模。在取模前,使用高精度的模型扫描仪(IScan D103i,Imetric,瑞士;软件版本:IScan3D exocad 8.1)扫描标准模型,获得数字化的标准模型(图 1),以此作为评价印模精度的真值金标准。

图 1.

图 1

标准模型的(牙合)面观(A)与唇面观(B)

Standard model (master model) (A) from occlusal view (B) from labial view

1.2. 印模制取

采用双组分加成型硅橡胶(VSE,Silagum MixStar Putty Soft,DMG,德国)、聚醚橡胶(POE, ImpregumTMPentaTMSoft, 3M ESPE, 德国)及藻酸盐(ALG,INoplast®, Kulzer GmbH, 荷兰)制取印模各30个。双组分硅橡胶印模的制取过程完全按照临床操作步骤进行,先将印模高流动性的轻体(细部)注射在标准模型牙列表面,使之均匀覆盖,再就位重体印模材料,保持稳定固化3 min后取下托盘。所有印模制取均在同一诊室内(温度23 ℃±2 ℃,相对湿度45%,大气压强(760±5) mmHg,由同一操作者和同一仪器设备完成。

1.3. 印模消毒过程及分组情况

每种印模材料的30个印模平均分为3组:(1)空白对照组(blank control group,BC组):印模制取完成后不进行消毒处理,仅使用清水冲洗印模15 s;(2)戊二醛组(GD组):印模制取完成后,先使用2%(质量分数)戊二醛印模消毒剂(利尔康,中国)浸泡30 min,再使用清水冲洗印模15 s;(3)Cavicide组(CC组):印模制取完成后,先使用Cavicide(Kavo,美国)均匀喷洒,静置5 min,再使用清水冲洗印模15 s。

1.4. 印模的数字化

硅橡胶印模与聚醚橡胶印模在室温下避光保存8 h后,扫描印模获得数字化模型;藻酸盐印模在消毒过程完成后,立即扫描印模获取数字化模型。所有印模的扫描均使用Imetric模型扫描仪完成(图 2)。

图 2.

图 2

数字化的标准模型

Digitization of the standard model

1.5. 精度评价

将所有数字化的标准模型与印模的数字化模型导出. stl格式文件,在Geomagic Studio(Geomagic Qualify 2014, Geomagic, 美国)软件中进行分析。在软件中修整数字化模型,保留牙齿形态数据。以标准模型作为参考模型,印模的数字化模型作为测试模型,通过基于牙面的“最佳拟合配准”算法,将所有印模的数字化模型与标准模型重叠。采用二次平方根(root mean square, RMS)偏差作为评价印模与标准模型间偏差的参数[8]。对前牙区和后牙区的偏差分别进行偏差分析, 同时,保存偏差三维分析色谱图进行可视化分析。

1.6. 统计学分析

采用SPSS 21.0软件对偏差数据进行分析。对于每种印模材料,每组内RMS的正态性采用Kolmogorov-Smirnoff(K-S)进行检验,组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用LSD检验(LSD post hoc test)进行组间两两比较,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

前牙区与后牙区消毒后印模精度结果见表 1表 2,藻酸盐印模的后牙区3组间RMS差异有统计学意义,其中GD组的RMS显著低于BC组和CC组(GD与BC, P=0.001; GD与CC, P=0.002),而BC组和CC组RMS差异无统计学意义(P=0.854),其他两种印模材料的前牙区和后牙区RMS差异均无统计学意义。

表 1.

前牙区印模与标准参考模型间RMS偏差(x±s)

RMS of the anterior region between impression and master model (x±s/μm

Group BC GD CC P value
BC, blank control; GD, glutaraldehyde; CC, Cavicide; VSE, vinylpolysiloxane; POE, polyether; ALG, alginate.
VSE 21.6±4.9 20.4±6.9 24.1±3.7 0.220
POE 28.7±10.3 31.2±9.4 30.9±11.4 0.740
ALG 40.5±21.6 47.9±23.0 42.4±25.1 0.703

表 2.

后牙区印模与标准参考模型间RMS偏差(x±s)

RMS of the posterior region between impression and master model(x±s/μm

Group BC GD CC P value
BC, blank control; GD, glutaraldehyde; CC, Cavicide; VSE, vinylpolysiloxane; POE, polyether; ALG, alginate.
VSE 27.1±6.7 29.2±10.0 26.4±7.7 0.733
POE 43.0±20.9 40.2±24.2 45.4±19.4 0.827
ALG 43.3±23.2 60.9±20.4 47.2±21.4 0.037

进一步的可视化分析结果显示了偏差的三维分布情况。从牙合面(切端)观视图来看,较大的偏差主要出现在窝沟点隙(切缘)处,偏差较大位置的分布较分散(图 3图 4)。同时,也对藻酸盐印模后牙颊侧的偏差结果进行了可视化分析(图 5),发现GD组的偏差明显较大,而BC组与CC组的偏差则相对较小。

图 3.

前牙区各组印模与标准模型间典型偏差分布模式(切端观)

Typical deviation pattern (incisal view) of the anterior region between standard model and impressions in all groups

BC, blank control; GD, glutaraldehyde; CC, Cavicide; VSE, vinylpolysiloxane; POE, polyether; ALG, alginate. The deviation range is color coded from-120 (blue) μm to +120 (red) μm. Green surface shows area with minor deviation (-30 μm to +30 μm). VSE, vinylpolysiloxane; POE, polyether; ALG, alginate.

图 3

图 4.

后牙区各组印模与标准模型间典型偏差分布模式((牙合)面观)

Typical deviation pattern (occlusal view) of the posterior region between standard model and impressions in all groups

BC, blank control; GD, glutaraldehyde; CC, Cavicide; VSE, vinylpolysiloxane; POE, polyether; ALG, alginate. The deviation range is color coded from-120 (blue) μm to +120 (red) μm. Green surface shows area with minor deviation (-30 μm to +30 μm).

图 4

图 5.

后牙区各组藻酸盐印模与标准模型间典型偏差分布模式(颊侧观)

Typical deviation pattern (buccal view) of the posterior region between standard model and impressions in all groups when taking alginate impressions

BC, blank control; GD, glutaraldehyde; CC, Cavicide. The deviation range is color coded from-120 (blue) μm to +120 (red) μm. Green surface shows area with minor deviation (-30 μm to +30 μm). In group GD, larger deviation was observed on buccal surface, while minor deviation was observed on this area in group BC and CC.

图 5

3. 讨论

本研究采用印模扫描及三维配准与标准模型真值比较的方法,评价了一种新型复合消毒剂Cavicide对印模精度的影响。基于本研究的结果,即Cavicide喷洒消毒对弹性体印模材料(聚醚橡胶、硅橡胶印模)及水胶体印模材料(藻酸盐印模)的精度均无影响。Cavicide作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒剂,可替代传统消毒剂戊二醛成为牙科印模消毒的理想选择之一。

目前评价消毒剂对印模精度影响的方法主要有两种。一种是在标准印模材料块或石膏模型上进行测量,得到观测部位的线性变化[9]。另一种是近年随着数字化技术的快速发展,采用系统误差更小的模型扫描技术,在分析软件中进行三维方向上偏差的手动测量[10]。后者较前者避免了人为测量带来的系统误差,同时可获得印模整体偏差数据,并且可对印模任意局部的偏差进行测量,是现阶段进行三维精度评价的理想方法。精度结果可能受模型扫描仪、印模与模型数字化方法的选择、配准方法,以及.stl格式数字化模型三角面数量和分布的影响[6]。由于牙列缺乏标准的特征点,本研究中采用“最佳拟合对齐”算法对齐两个数字模型[7]

本研究设置清水冲洗组作为空白对照,消除了印模制取过程本身的系统误差对结果的影响。从统计分析结果可以看出,Cavicide喷洒消毒藻酸盐、聚醚橡胶及硅橡胶印模精度的影响均很小。2%(质量分数)戊二醛浸泡30 min对聚醚橡胶及硅橡胶印模精度影响很小,但会导致藻酸盐印模的形变,对藻酸盐印模的精度影响较为明显,与空白对照组印模精度比较,差异具有统计学意义,这一结果也与既往的研究结果相似[10-11]。进一步可视化分析结果表明, GD组的藻酸盐印模后牙区颊舌向形变较BC组和CC组更明显,这可能由于水胶体印模材料在溶液环境中出现了吸水膨胀。陈树国等[12]也报道了相似的结果,藻酸盐在2%(质量分数)戊二醛中浸泡消毒30 min后,颊舌向形变最为显著,线性形变可达0.39%(36 μm)。考虑藻酸盐印模材料本身的特性是导致藻酸盐印模材料易发生形变的主要原因,藻酸盐材料为水胶体,在溶液环境中易吸水后发生膨胀,但藻酸盐印模一般用于精度要求相对较低的对口印模制取,在无更好的消毒剂可供选择的情况下,临床一直以来采用2%(质量分数)戊二醛处理30 min,不可避免地对藻酸盐印模的精度造成一定影响。而采用Cavicide喷洒消毒方式对藻酸盐类印模进行消毒的形变量差异无统计学意义,且便于操作及对医护人员的保护。由此,本研究结果提示对于易吸水变形的藻酸盐印模材料使用Cavicide喷洒消毒更具优势。

本研究发现3组聚醚印模精度均较硅橡胶印模偏低,在牙弓远端形变较大。这可能是由于聚醚印模材料的表面张力较小,与干燥的标准模型表面紧密接触。在印模脱位时,需要较大的力量,可能导致牙弓远端印模发生形变的程度相对大,类似结果在既往研究中也见报道[13-14]

综上所述,根据体外精度研究结果,以苄索氯胺和异丙醇为主要有效成分的Cavicide消毒剂喷洒消毒对牙科临床常用的聚醚橡胶、硅橡胶和藻酸盐印模的精度均无影响。Cavicide作为一种安全、高效的新型消毒剂,可替代传统消毒剂戊二醛成为牙科印模消毒的理想选择之一。

Funding Statement

首都卫生发展科研专项(2018-2-4102)

Supported by the Capital Health Research and Development Special Project (2018-2-4102)

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