Abstract
目的
总结分析甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤(Hürthle cell tumor,HCT)患者的临床资料和预后,以期提高临床医生对该病的认识。
方法
回顾性分析2001年1月至2017年2月在北京大学第一医院因甲状腺结节行手术,术后病理确诊为HCT且不合并其他甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,并随访患者。
结果
符合上述条件者共100例,均为甲状腺嗜酸细胞腺瘤(Hürthle cell adenoma,HCA),男女比例为1 : 3.3,其中51例患者因体检行超声检查发现甲状腺结节而就诊,49例有症状的患者中,69.4%的患者表现为无痛性颈部肿物。83.0%的患者合并结节性甲状腺肿(multinodular goiter,MNG)。HCA超声多表现为较大、实性、低回声结节,边界清晰,结节内及周边血流(较)丰富,结节内无钙化,颈部淋巴结无肿大。术中冰冻病理切片(frozen section,FS)诊断HCA的准确率为97.4%。术后29例患者获随访,随访时间(49.2±22.1)个月,均无局部复发或颈部淋巴结转移。6例患者行甲状腺激素替代治疗,1例因替代过量出现甲状腺毒症。
结论
HCA好发于女性,常无症状或表现为无痛性颈部肿物,常合并MNG。HCA超声无特征性表现,术中FS可较准确地判断HCT的良恶性。FS可较准确地判断HCT的良恶性。
Keywords: 甲状腺, 嗜酸细胞肿瘤, 腺瘤, 诊断
Abstract
Objective
To summarize and analyze the clinical data and prognosis of the patients with Hürthle cell tumor (HCT) in order to raise the clinicians' awareness of the disease.
Methods
The clinical data on patients with histopathologically proven HCT, without other thyroid carcinomas, were collected retrospectively in Peking University First Hospital from January 2001 to February 2017. All the patients underwent surgery due to thyroid nodules. The follow-up information was also collected.
Results
A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the current study. All of them were diagnosed with Hürthle cell adenoma (HCA). There were 77 females and 23 males, with the male-to-female ratio of 1 : 3.3. The average age of these patients was (52±14) years at the time of operation. Fifty-one patients were found their thyroid nodules accidentally by ultrasonography during their health check-ups. 69.4% of the 49 symptomatic patients presented with painless cervical nodules. 83.0% HCA patients were combined with multinodular goiters (MNGs). 88.4% (76/86) patients were euthyroid and 53.8% (21/39) had increasing thyroglobulin levels. The mean longest diameter of HCAs was (3.2±1.5) cm (range: 0.9-7.3 cm) on ultrasonography. There were a series of sonographic features of HCA, such as larger, solidity, hypoecho, a smooth outline, intranodular vascularization, perinodular vascularization, absence of calcification in nodules and absence of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Compared with the histological diagnosis, the diagnostic accuracy by frozen section (FS) during operation was 97.4%. Twenty-nine patients were followed up with an average period of (49.2±22.1) months and none of them had local recurrence or cervical lymph node metastasis. Six patients accepted thyroid hormone replacement treatment and one had thyrotoxicosis due to over-dose.
Conclusion
HCA is more common in women. It is often found accidentally by ultrasonography during their health check-ups or presented with painless cervical nodules. It is combined with MNG frequently. HCA exhibits numerous sonographic features but not unique. FS during operation is a reliable method to identify HCA with high diagnostic accuracy. Patients with thyroid hormone administration should be monitored for thyroid function after thyroid surgery.
Keywords: Thyroid gland, Hürthle cell tumor, Adenoma, Diagnosis
甲状腺嗜酸细胞肿瘤(Hürthle cell tumor,HCT)在甲状腺肿瘤中相对少见,良性者称甲状腺嗜酸细胞腺瘤(Hürthle cell adenoma,HCA),恶性者称甲状腺嗜酸细胞癌(Hürthle cell carcinoma,HCC)[1-2]。HCT具有独特的病理特点和生物学行为,临床实践中尚缺乏诊断该病的可靠的无创指标。本研究对北京大学第一医院诊治的HCA患者的临床资料和预后特点进行总结和分析,以期提高临床医生对该病的认识。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 研究对象
本研究收集了2001年1月至2017年2月因甲状腺结节在北京大学第一医院行手术,术后石蜡组织病理诊断为HCT且不合并其他甲状腺恶性肿瘤的患者,共100例。所有患者的石蜡组织病理切片均由另外一名病理医师阅片后确认为HCA。HCT的病理诊断标准参照世界卫生组织提出的甲状腺肿瘤组织学分类(2004年)[1]标准,即:完全或主要(>75%)由甲状腺嗜酸细胞(Hürthle细胞)构成的有完整包膜的甲状腺肿瘤。若HCT在组织病理学上肿瘤侵犯包膜和(或)血管,侵犯周围甲状腺组织或浸润至甲状腺外组织则诊断为HCC,否则诊断为HCA[2]。
收集所有研究对象的性别,年龄,手术前患病时间(病程),首诊时临床表现,既往史,个人史,家族史,术前甲状腺功能、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody,TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyroglobulin antibody,TgAb)、促甲状腺激素受体抗体(thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody,TRAb)及甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)的检查结果,术前甲状腺及颈部淋巴结超声检查报告,甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(fine needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)检查结果,术中冰冻病理切片(frozen section,FS)诊断,术后石蜡组织病理诊断在内的临床资料。术后29例患者获随访,随访时间为(49.2±22.1)个月。
1.2. 统计学分析
采用SPSS 22.0统计软件处理数据,符合正态分布的计量资料用均值±标准差表示,非正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位间距)表示。
2. 结果
2.1. 一般资料
100例患者中,女性77例,男性23例,男女比例为1 : 3.3,诊断时年龄(52±14)岁,病程7天至10年,中位病程4(1,18)个月。11例患者既往有甲状腺疾病病史,8例有甲状腺疾病家族史,其中1例有甲状腺癌(病理类型不详)家族史,所有患者均无头颈部放射线暴露史。
2.2. 首诊时临床表现
首诊时无症状者51例,均因体检行超声检查发现甲状腺结节而就诊。就诊时有症状者49例,其中34例(69.4%)表现为无痛性颈部肿物,3例有高代谢症状(合并甲状腺功能亢进),有压迫症状者12例。
2.3. 合并甲状腺非恶性疾病情况
100例患者中,合并甲状腺非恶性疾病者53例,详见表 1。
表 1.
53例HCA患者合并甲状腺非恶性疾病的分析
Nonmalignant thyroid diseases of 53 HCA patients
Nonmalignant thyroid diseases | Cases | Ratio |
HCA, Hürthle cell adenoma; MNG, multinodular goiter; HT, Hashimoto's thyroiditis; FTA, follicular thyroid adenoma. | ||
MNG | 44 | 83.0% |
HT | 2 | 3.8% |
Graves' disease | 2 | 3.8% |
FTA | 3 | 5.7% |
HT with FTA | 1 | 1.9% |
MNG with HT | 1 | 1.9% |
2.4. 术前甲状腺相关实验室检查
86例患者术前行甲状腺功能检测,其中正常者76例,甲状腺功能减退者7例,甲状腺功能亢进者3例。50例术前行TPOAb检测,阳性者8例(16.0%)。49例术前行TgAb检测,阳性者8例(16.3%)。6例术前行TRAb检测,阳性者1例。39例术前行Tg检测,其中正常者17例,升高者21例(53.8%),下降者1例。
2.5. 术前超声检查结果
所有患者术前均行甲状腺及颈部淋巴结超声检查,但有12例报告结果缺失。88例有超声报告且有相应超声特征描述的患者中,实性结节者64例(72.7%),边界清晰者83例(94.3%),低回声者23例(52.3%),结节内血流丰富及较丰富者34例(44.7%),结节周边血流丰富及较丰富者13例(65.0%),结节内无钙化者77例(90.6%),颈部淋巴结无肿大者63例(82.9%),详见表 2。本研究结合临床实践及以往文献报道[3-4],以超声图像中甲状腺结节的最长径(cm)表示结节大小,除18例描述缺失者以外,其余82例患者HCA结节最长径范围为0.9~7.3 cm,平均(3.2±1.5) cm。
表 2.
100例HCA患者术前甲状腺及颈部淋巴结超声结果分析
Analysis of the sonographic features of 100 HCA patients before the operation
Sonographic features of HCA | Cases | Ratio |
HCA, Hürthle cell adenoma. | ||
Composition | ||
Total | 88 | |
Solid | 64 | 72.7% |
Solid-cystic | 24 | 27.3% |
Margin | ||
Total | 88 | |
Well-defined | 83 | 94.3% |
Ill-defined | 5 | 5.7% |
Echogenicity | ||
Total | 44 | |
Hypo-anechoic | 1 | 2.3% |
Hypoechoic | 23 | 52.3% |
Isoechoic | 18 | 40.9% |
Mixed | 2 | 4.5% |
Intranodular vascularization | ||
Total | 76 | |
Yes | 64 | 84.2% |
No | 12 | 15.8% |
Perinodular vascularization | ||
Total | 20 | |
Yes | 19 | 95.0% |
No | 1 | 5.0% |
Internal calcifications | ||
Total | 85 | |
Yes | 7 | 8.2% |
Suspected | 1 | 1.2% |
No | 77 | 90.6% |
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes | ||
Total | 76 | |
Yes | 13 | 17.1% |
No | 63 | 82.9% |
2.6. 术前FNAC及术中FS结果
100例患者中,13例术前行FNAC,结果示HCA可能性大者5例,HCT可能性大者2例,其诊断HCT的准确率为53.8%。78例术中行FS,其中76例示HCA,其诊断HCA的准确率为97.4%。
2.7. 治疗及术后随访
术后29例患者获随访,随访时间10~93个月,平均(49.2±22.1)个月。随访时有27例行甲状腺功能检测,其中功能正常者21例,甲状腺功能减退者5例,甲状腺毒症者1例,为术后左甲状腺素钠片(商品名优甲乐)替代治疗过量。随访时29例患者甲状腺及颈部淋巴结超声均未见肿瘤局部复发或颈部淋巴结转移。
3. 讨论
HCT相对少见,据以往文献报道,HCA患者中女性多见,男女比例约为1 : 2~1 : 10,平均年龄约为44.7岁[5-6],本组患者的性别分布、诊断时的年龄与文献报道相近。既往文献报道,HCA与HCC患者均可有头颈部放射线暴露史[7-8],但本组患者未发现相似现象。Sippel等[7]报道45例HCA患者中,4例有甲状腺癌家族史,本组患者中有甲状腺癌家族史者少见。
分析HCA患者的临床表现和实验室检查数据,我们发现首诊时有症状者大部分为无痛性颈部肿物。HCT可伴发其他甲状腺疾病,如结节性甲状腺肿(multinodular goiter, MNG)、桥本甲状腺炎等[3, 6, 9]。本研究中合并的甲状腺非恶性疾病以MNG多见(83.0%),与文献报道类似[3, 6, 9]。88.4%的患者术前甲状腺功能正常,提示术前甲状腺功能检测对HCA的诊断意义有限。既往文献对HCA患者TPOAb、TgAb水平的报道较少,本组HCA患者的TPOAb阳性率为16.0%、TgAb阳性率为16.3%,略高于普通人群的TPOAb(9.81%)和TgAb(9.09%)阳性率[10]。本研究中,53.8%的HCA患者Tg水平升高,但由于Tg的数据来自不同医院,参考值范围不同,故未对Tg水平进行进一步定量分析。本研究中TPOAb、TgAb、Tg数据受检测试剂盒、检测方法以及合并其他甲状腺疾病等多种因素的影响,且检测人数有限,故TPOAb、TgAb、Tg水平对HCA诊断的提示意义仍需进一步研究和评价。
本组HCA患者的超声表现多样,以实性结节、低回声、边界清晰、结节内及周边血流(较)丰富多见,与文献报道相符[11]。崔志英等[3]报道,13个HCT病灶(其中HCA病灶11个)的长径范围为0.6~ 5.2 cm,平均3.12 cm。Lee等[4]报道了30例HCT患者(27例HCA,3例HCC),病灶的长径范围为12~63 mm,平均33 mm。本研究中HCA的长径范围为0.9~7.3 cm,平均(3.2±1.5) cm,提示HCA往往结节较大。文献报道HCA结节内低回声多见[4, 11],与本研究的结果相似,但也有研究提示混合回声较多见[3]。对于结节内钙化的报道不一,Lee等[4]报道的30例HCT(27例HCA,3例HCC)中有20例结节内有钙化,张韵华等[11]报道的15例HCA患者中仅2例结节内有钙化,本研究中以结节内无钙化多见(90.6%)。对于HCT患者颈部淋巴结情况的报道较少,本研究中82.9%的患者颈部淋巴结无肿大,与文献报道相似[3]。上述超声特点分析提示,尚无一项超声特征为HCA所独有。
既往文献报道,术前FNAC对HCT的诊断价值高[12-13]。Sangalli等[12]报道,术前106例FNAC提示HCT的患者中,91例术后石蜡组织病理为HCT。Gonzalez等[13]报道,FNAC对HCT诊断的敏感性达100%,特异性达89%。本研究中,FNAC诊断HCT的准确率为53.8%,较以往报道偏低。术中FS对于判断HCT良恶性的准确性报道不一。马振海等[14]报道,21例石蜡组织病理确诊HCA的患者中,FS的准确性达81.0%。Chen等[15]报道FS判断HCT良恶性的敏感性为23%,特异性为75%。本研究中,FS诊断HCA的准确率为97.4%,提示FS是较准确地判断HCT良恶性的手段之一。
目前对HCA预后的研究极为有限,有文献指出,石蜡组织病理确诊的HCA,其肿瘤细胞也有一定侵袭性[16-17]。本研究中29例术后随访时均行超声检查,平均随访(49.2±22.1)个月,均未见肿瘤局部复发或颈部淋巴结转移。
本研究存在下列局限性:(1)为回顾性研究,数据收集的完整性受到一定影响;(2)均为HCA患者,缺乏对HCC患者临床资料的总结,亦缺乏HCA与HCC患者间的比较;(3)HCA合并甲状腺非恶性疾病者较多,可能其对甲状腺功能、甲状腺自身抗体、Tg水平产生一定影响;(4)仅29例获随访,对预后评价的指导意义有限。
综上,本研究发现HCA好发于女性,常因体检行超声检查而发现,有症状者多表现为无痛性颈部肿物,合并的甲状腺非恶性疾病以MNG多见,HCA超声表现多样但无特征性,术中FS是判断HCT良恶性的较准确的方法。
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