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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Nov 4;52(6):1166–1170. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.032

α干扰素在白塞综合征中的应用进展

Progress in interferon: A treatment of Behcet syndrome

Dong YAN 1, Wen-jie ZHENG 2,*
PMCID: PMC7745276  PMID: 33331331

Abstract

Behcet syndrome (BS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder involving vessels of all sizes, characterized by relapsing episodes of oral and/or genital ulcers, as well as skin lesions. Ocular, vascular, gastrointestinal, neurological system involvement can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are the cornerstones for the management of BS. Biologic agents has been recommended for severe and/or refractory BS. Interferon-α (IFN-α) had multiple biological effects, such as antiviral and antiproliferative, that could regulate both innate and adaptive immunity in BS. Growing evidence showed the efficacy of IFN-α in severe and/or refractory BS. Many studies have demonstrated that IFN-α has comparable effectiveness and tolerance profiles as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents for Behcet's uveitis with a much lower cost and steroid-and immunosuppressant-sparing effects. IFN-α has been recommended as second-line therapy for ocular involvement of BS in EULAR (The European League Against Rheumatism) 2018. IFN-α also improves mucocutaneous lesions in BS with the dosage from 3 to 9-12 million IU three times per week. A few cases indicated the therapeutic potential of IFN-α in intestinal BS. As a new trial of IFN-α in vascular BS (VBS), a recent study revealed the lower relapse rate and higher recanalization rate with IFN-α in lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Another two case reports presented the efficacy of IFN-α in pulmonary artery involvement in BS. Also, case reports have shown successful treatment in refractory neurological involvement. There are two subtypes of IFN-α commonly used in autoimmune diseases, named IFN-α2a and IFN-α2b. IFN-α2a seemed more effective than IFN-α2b, especially in ocular and mucocutaneous involvement of BS. Side effects of IFN-α are dose-dependent and not severe. The most frequent side effects are flu-like syndrome, mild leukopenia and alopecia. Considering the potential risk of tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation of TNF-α inhibitors, IFN-α is safe due to its anti-HBV effect and protective effect on TB. In conclusion, IFN-α is a promising choice for severe and/or refractory BS patients, especially for those who are intolerant or contraindicant to other biological agents, such as TNF inhibitors. Further prospective controlled studies are warranted to confirm the efficacy and safety of IFN-α in BS.

Keywords: Behcet syndrome, Biological agents, Interferon-α


白塞综合征(Behcet syndrome,BS)是一种慢性复发性自身免疫性疾病,其病理基础为血管炎,可累及多脏器,如皮肤、黏膜、关节、眼,还可累及心脏大血管、消化道和神经系统等。目前对于BS的治疗,仍以激素、免疫抑制剂为主[1],越来越多的生物制剂成功应用于重症、难治性BS患者[2-4]

α干扰素(interferon-α,IFN-α)作为一种经典药物,具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗血管生成的作用[5-7]。早在1986年Tsambaos等[8]已将IFN-α用于BS的治疗,2018年《欧洲抗风湿病联盟(the European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)指南》推荐IFN-α用于BS皮肤黏膜、眼炎等的二线治疗[9]。IFN-α治疗BS的相关研究主要集中在土耳其和德国,国内相关研究较少见。随着科技的进步,生物制剂的种类越来越多,但IFN-α治疗BS仍有其优势,本文就IFN-α治疗BS的免疫机制及其临床应用总结如下。

1. IFN-α生物学作用

IFN在生物体内普遍存在,分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两类,前者包括IFN-α、IFN-β、IFN-ε、IFN-δ、IFN-ω、IFN-κ、IFN-τ,后者包括IFN-γ,每种亚型都由特定细胞针对特定刺激而产生。IFN-α具有多种生物学效能,可诱导细胞产生抗病毒蛋白实现对病毒的抑制,具有广谱抗病毒作用; 也可刺激自然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等调节自身免疫; 同时,还可以诱导T细胞、B细胞增殖[10]。此外,对肿瘤细胞的增殖有直接抑制作用,并可促进其衰老和死亡[11]

2. IFN-α治疗BS的作用机制

BS的发病机制尚未明确,研究发现有多种免疫机制参与,其中Th1/Th17细胞、Th17/Treg细胞稳态破坏在BS的发病中尤为重要[12]。Th17细胞分泌白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17,参与炎症的发生,同时Th17细胞可上调BS患者体内中性粒细胞的炎症反应[13],病理可见BS患者血管壁中性粒细胞直接浸润; 此外,γδT细胞在局部聚积也参与BS炎症发生[14]; 机体固有免疫异常也参与BS发病。Albayrak等[15]发现BS葡萄膜炎患者急性期外周血CD4+T细胞和单核细胞高表达Toll样受体2、3、4、8、9的mRNA。

Liu等[16]研究提出IFN-α2a可抑制BS患者CD4+T细胞释放IL-17而增加IL-10的表达,IFN-α可调节促炎因子与抗炎因子如IL-6/IL-10的平衡[17]。IL-10无论在固有免疫,还是获得性免疫中,均是一种强有力的抗炎因子[18]。IFN-α亦可上调Th17细胞的负调节因子IL-27的表达[19]。此外,IFN-α可抑制γδT细胞[20],并抑制T细胞在内皮细胞的黏附[21],减少中性粒细胞的吞噬作用及自由基的产生[22], 同时,IFN-α亦可下调BS患者外周血CD4+T细胞和单核细胞Toll样受体的表达[15], 故IFN-α可通过多种免疫途径,抑制BS的炎症发生。

3. IFN-α在BS中的临床应用

IFN-α属于Ⅰ型IFN中的一种,目前我国用于临床的制剂主要有IFN-α2a、IFN-α2b和IFN-α1b共3种,而后两者临床多用于抗病毒、抗肿瘤治疗。IFN-α2a和IFN-α2b在结构上仅存在1个氨基酸的差别,在BS治疗中,IFN-α2a较IFN-a2b缓解率高[23],尤其在眼部受累和皮肤黏膜损害时,而耐受性相当[24]

3.1. 眼部受累

BS眼部受累发病率约50%~70%,典型表现为非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎(Behcet’ s uveitis, BU),通常双眼受累,可累及前、后葡萄膜,部分出现全葡萄膜炎。反复发作的眼炎或重症患者易致盲[25],是BS致残的主要原因之一。

国外多项前瞻和回顾性研究表明IFN-α2a对难治性复发性BU有效,既可用于抑制BU眼部急性期炎症[26],也可用于慢性期的维持治疗[27],停药后仍能维持长时间的病情稳定[28]。土耳其将其列为激素联合免疫抑制剂失败的BU患者的一线治疗药。2018年,EULAR指南推荐IFN-α用于眼后节受累或急性威胁视力的初发和复发性BU患者。

国际上尚无统一的方案治疗BU,以往的研究主要评价了IFN-α2a联合激素治疗BU的疗效与安全性,推荐(300~900)万IU/d。本研究团队近期针对30例难治性复发性BU患者,在激素联合至少2种免疫抑制剂无效的情况下,加用重组人IFN-α2a,300万IU,每天1次,4周后减量至300万IU,隔日1次,维持3~4个月,患者BU复发率显著降低(P<0.001),同时具有显著的激素及免疫抑制剂节约效应,随访期间未见严重不良反应发生,认为IFN-α对于难治性BU可作为一种有效的附加治疗[29]

对于难治性BU,肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α抑制剂已被证实有较好的疗效及安全性[30-31],但考虑其价格及潜在结核再激活风险,仍有患者无法使用。近期一项回顾性临床研究对比IFN-α2a与英夫利西单抗(infliximab,IFX)用于难治性BU的疗效[32],发现IFN-α2a与IFX均有较好治疗效果,在治疗6个月与12个月时,眼炎客观指标(如视觉敏感度、耀斑测量、前葡萄膜炎和玻璃体混浊的分级、黄斑厚度)均得到改善,且两组间差异无统计学意义,表明IFN-α2a和IFX对于难治性BU的疗效可能相当。

3.2. 皮肤、黏膜受累

皮肤、黏膜损害是BS突出的特点,表现为反复发作的口腔、外生殖器溃疡,结节性红斑、假性毛囊炎、丘疹脓疱性皮疹, 部分患者会出现难治性皮肤、黏膜病变,严重影响生活质量[33]。秋水仙碱对结节性红斑或生殖器溃疡(尤其是女性)有效,对口腔溃疡的疗效尚存在争议。沙利度胺可用于严重口腔、生殖器溃疡及皮肤病变的治疗,但可能导致月经紊乱、胎儿畸形及周围神经炎。

Kötter等[34]在IFN-α2a治疗BS眼部受累的临床研究中观察到IFN-α2a同样可以改善BS皮肤、黏膜病变,50例患者口腔溃疡均改善,其中36%完全消退,38例合并皮肤损害(包括丘疹脓疱性皮疹、结节性红斑)、26例合并外阴溃疡、2例合并消化道溃疡的患者病灶均消失。Alpsoy等[35]关于IFN-α2a治疗BS的随机双盲对照研究发现,IFN-α2a显著缩短BS患者口腔溃疡的病程及改善疼痛程度,同时显著减少外阴溃疡及丘疹脓疱性皮疹的发作频率。IFN-α用于治疗BS皮肤黏膜病变的剂量,通常以300万IU每周3次开始,此后每周递增300万IU,至(900~1 200)万IU每周3次维持,个别研究使用IFN-α 300万IU每天1次治疗,均有较高的安全性[36]。因而,对于BS难治性皮肤、黏膜病变,IFN-α可作为一种选择。

3.3. 消化道受累

消化道是BS常见受损部位,从口腔至肛门的全消化道均可累及,称为肠BS。其溃疡可为单发、多发,深浅不一,严重者可出现溃疡穿孔、出血、肠腔狭窄等。目前对于肠BS的治疗方案均基于回顾性研究分析,对于急性期,建议激素联合5-氨基水杨酸或硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine,AZA)治疗,重症或难治性肠BS患者,可考虑单抗类TNF-α抑制剂和/或沙利度胺治疗[9]

IFN-α在肠BS中的应用少见报道,Grimbacher等[37]早在1997年报道1例BS同时伴发眼炎及肠道溃疡的患者,使用IFN-α2a治疗,2周后腹泻好转,视网膜渗出改善,4个月后复查肠镜显示位于回肠末端和结肠的溃疡已消失,10个月后停药,病情长期稳定。Monastirli等[38]报道1例肠BS患者,结肠多发深大溃疡,合并脊髓炎及BU,激素联合IFN-α 300万IU每周3次,2周后加量至600万IU每周3次,9 d后症状改善,治疗4周时肠道溃疡完全缓解,6周时神经系统症状消失。此外,在一项IFN-α2a治疗BU的临床研究中[34],2例患者在眼部症状改善的同时,消化道溃疡也愈合。

以上病例均同时合并眼部受累,在治疗的同时肠道溃疡亦改善,提示IFN-α对于肠BS可能有潜在疗效,有待更多临床研究去证实。

3.4. 血管受累

BS血管受累称之为血管白塞综合征(vascular BS,VBS),是BS较严重的并发症之一。动静脉均可受累,静脉血栓的发病率较高,常为多发,治疗反应差,易复发; 动脉系统被累及时可引起动脉狭窄、闭塞、扩张或产生动脉瘤。目前认为中性粒细胞活化、内皮系统损伤、凝血功能紊乱在VBS发生发展中起重要作用。对于VBS,推荐激素联合免疫抑制剂如AZA、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CYC)等治疗,单抗类TNF-α抑制剂推荐用于难治性深静脉血栓或动脉瘤的VBS患者[9]。其他生物制剂,如IL-6受体拮抗剂托珠单抗在难治性VBS中也有较好疗效[3]

2019年,Demir等[39]报道2例IFN-α成功治疗VBS的案例,2例患者均为青少年,1例出现肺动脉、下腔静脉、肝静脉多发血栓,1例右心室血栓形成,同时合并肺动脉及其分支多发动脉瘤,前者接受IFN-α2a每周3次联合激素、低剂量CYC治疗,1个月后患者发热、咯血消失,炎症指标恢复正常,3月后复查血栓明显缩小, 另一例接受IFN-α2a每周2次联合激素、AZA治疗,2周后症状消失、炎症指标恢复正常,1年后动脉瘤及心脏血栓消失,治疗期间均未出现不良反应。

近期,一项关于BS合并下肢深静脉血栓的回顾性研究纳入了33例患者[40],AZA用于一线治疗,IFN-α用于二线治疗(2例患者因合并眼炎,IFN-α用于一线治疗),发现IFN-α较AZA有更高的血管再通率,以及血栓的复发率更低,该研究同时证实血管再通率是BS合并下肢深静脉血栓复发的预测指标,仅1例患者因出现甲状腺炎而停药。

IFN-α在VBS中的应用是一个较新的尝试,其有效性有待更多的临床数据去证实。

3.5. 神经系统受累

神经系统受累是BS较少见的并发症之一,称为神经白塞综合征(Neuro-Behcet syndrome, NBS),根据受累部位分为实质受累、非实质受累和周围神经病变,致残致死率较高,其中实质受累病死率高达11.1%[41],但NBS的治疗目前尚未见随机病例对照研究。2014年NBS专家共识将TNF-α抑制剂及IFN-α推荐用于一线药物[如AZA、吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolate mofbtil,MMF)、甲氨蝶呤]无效、不耐受或复发、进展性NBS的治疗[42]

IFN-α用于NBS的治疗仅限于个案报道[2, 38, 43-45],6例患者中5例实质受累,1例病灶不明确,表现为反复癫痫发作。3例患者在使用激素、免疫抑制剂(如AZA、MMF、CYC)无效时选择IFN-α,300万IU每天或隔天1次[2, 44],治疗1个月后,患者症状及影像学改善,病情持续稳定,IFN-α减量至300万IU每周3次; 3例患者将IFN-α用于一线治疗[38, 43, 45],其中1例同时合并BU及肠道溃疡[38],分别使用300万IU、600万IU、900万IU每周3次,在神经系统症状改善的同时,黏膜损害包括口腔溃疡、肠道溃疡亦好转,仅2例出现轻度流感样症状。

4. 不良反应

IFN-α耐受性好,其不良反应通常与剂量相关[23],以流感样症状最常见(约88%),其次为轻度白细胞减少(30%)、脱发(10%)。在使用IFN-α期间,有诱发自身抗体阳性及甲状腺疾病的报道[40, 46],故建议治疗期间监测自身抗体和甲状腺功能,此外,需要注意的是IFN-α可增加抑郁及自杀风险[47]

目前对于难治性BS,TNF-α抑制剂在治疗药物中仍占据较高地位,有确定的疗效,需要注意的是TNF-α在抵御特殊感染[如杀伤结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTB)、防止结核播散、清除乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)]中起到重要作用。我国是MTB和HBV感染的大国,据统计,我国活动性肺结核患病率达每10万人459例[48],HBV感染人数高达8 600.7万例[49]。已有研究发现TNF-α抑制剂可导致结核活动[50],也可导致HBV的再激活或活动性疾病的恶化[51],此外,TNF-α抑制剂增加肿瘤风险[52],所以,部分重症或难治性BS患者无法使用TNF-α抑制剂,而IFN-α对结核感染有保护作用[53],同时IFN-α可用于抗HBV治疗[5],因此,IFN-α可作为该类患者的治疗选择。

综上所述,对于传统治疗无效的BS患者,尤其对其他生物制剂如TNF-α抑制剂不耐受或存在使用禁忌时,IFN-α是一种较好选择,IFN-α通过多种免疫机制作用于BS,安全性较高,同时有越来越多的证据指明其有效性,但仍需要大量临床研究去进一步证实。

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