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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Sep 29;52(6):1102–1106. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.019

有限切开复位髓内外联合固定技术治疗股骨转子下骨折的临床随访

Clinical effectiveness of less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage for subtrochanteric fractures

Zhong-di LIU 1, Ting-min XU 1, Yu DANG 1,*, Dian-ying ZHANG 1, Zhong-guo FU 1
PMCID: PMC7745284  PMID: 33331321

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the surgical technique and clinical effect of less invasive intrame-dullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage in the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in 46 cases of subtrochanteric fractures in Peking University People's Hospital from January 2015 to December 2017. Among them, there were 14 males and 32 females, with an average age of (77.83±10.66) years (44-92 years); 17 cases on the left side and 29 cases on the right side. The causes of injury included crash from a height, traffic accident and accidental fall. According to Seinsheimer classification, there were 26 cases of type Ⅱ, 11 cases of type Ⅲ, 9 cases of type Ⅳ, and these cases were all closed injury. After admission, these patients underwent continuous tibial tuberosity bone traction to maintain the length and force line of the lower extremity, so as to reduce the difficulty of intraoperative fracture reduction. Anticoagulant therapy was given before operation to reduce perioperative thrombotic complications. All the patients were treated with less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage. Operation time, blood loss during surgery, time of fracture healing were recorded, Harris and Sanders scoring system were used to assess hip function after operation at each follow-up time point.

Results

All the included patients underwent surgery successfully. Average operative time and intraoperative blood loss of these patients were (131.09 ± 20.06) min and (191.96±111.03) mL, respectively. All the patients were followed up satisfactorily, with an average follow-up time of 28 months. The fractures received bone healing within 3-6 months, average hospital stay was (10.61±2.85) days. The Sanders score was excellent in 3 cases, good in 37 cases and common in 6 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 86.96%. The Harris score was excellent in 6 cases, good in 36 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 91.30%. There were no cases of wound infection, loss of reduction, nonunion of fracture or internal fixation failure. Hip pain symptoms were effectively relieved in most patients.

Conclusion

Less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage can obtain good alignment and stability of fracture ends, which is an effective method for the treatment of subtrochanteric fractures.

Keywords: Limited open reduction, Proximal femoral nail, Subtrochanteric fractures


股骨转子下骨折占髋部骨折的10%~30%,严重粉碎及移位性骨折多见于青年人群,常由高能量创伤引起;而低能量创伤引起的螺旋形骨折多见于合并骨质疏松的老年女性[1]。骨折端常由于附着肌肉的牵拉作用导致闭合复位困难,而骨折不愈合、内固定失败和骨折畸形愈合等常见并发症的发生多源于术中复位不良。临床上常采用骨折端环扎固定的方法来改善骨折复位稳定性,但传统切开复位操作存在破坏骨折周围软组织、影响骨折愈合的缺点[2]。近年来开展的有限切开技术能有效减轻骨折端周围血供破坏,提高骨折愈合率[3-4]。本研究通过回顾性分析46例股骨转子下骨折患者的临床资料,探讨有限切开复位下髓内外联合固定技术,即钛缆环扎联合髓内钉固定治疗股骨转子下骨折的中期临床疗效。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

选取2015年1月至2017年12月北京大学人民医院收治的46例股骨转子下骨折患者为研究对象,其中男性14例,女性32例,年龄44~92岁,平均(77.83±10.66)岁。致伤原因:坠落伤22例,交通伤15例,意外摔伤9例。术前常规行CT检查,了解骨折块的大小、形态和粉碎程度等。按照Seinsheimer分型:ⅢA型26例,ⅢB型11例,Ⅳ型9例, 均为闭合性损伤。

患者入院后均行胫骨结节持续骨牵引维持下肢长度及力线,降低术中骨折复位难度。术前根据患者体质量给予低分子肝素钠抗凝治疗,降低围手术期血栓形成相关并发症。手术均由同一组医生共同完成。

1.2. 手术方法

患者接受腰麻或全身麻醉,仰卧或侧卧于可透视骨科牵引床上。首先,利用远端牵引尝试部分复位,可透视下用注射器针头标记骨折端位置,协助确认有限切开部位。沿骨折端所在区域行长约5 cm纵行切口,逐层切开皮肤及皮下组织,显露骨折端,手术过程中动作轻柔,避免对骨折端周围血供造成过多破坏。应用斯氏针撬拨远、近端骨折块复位骨折,满意后采用复位钳临时固定。对于长斜型骨折,通过强力缝线行Nice结进行临时固定,之后通过过线器将钛缆环绕骨折远近端,暂不收紧。此后,C臂机透视下将股骨近端髓内钉导针经大转子置入,确认导针在股骨近端髓腔中央后,扩大股骨近端和远端髓腔,置入股骨近端髓内钉,利用体外瞄准器将髓内钉近端进行锁定。操作动作轻柔,避免造成复位的骨折端再次移位。再次透视确认骨折断端复位满意,然后将预置的钛缆收紧。最后,完成髓内钉远端的锁定。透视确认骨折复位及内固定系统位置满意。冲洗伤口,逐层关闭。

1.3. 术后处理

术后常规给予抗生素治疗24~48 h,术后12 h后开始给予低分子肝素抗凝,术后第二天即开始行踝关节主动屈伸活动、股四头肌等长收缩等康复训练。每4~6周复查髋部X线片,当骨折线模糊或有骨痂形成时,开始部分负重并根据愈合情况酌情调整活动程度,严重粉碎性骨折或缺乏内侧皮质支撑的患者应推迟下地活动时间,行非负重功能锻炼。

1.4. 观察指标

记录手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、末次随访时影像资料等,评估骨折愈合情况。术后分别采用Sanders创伤性髋关节功能评分、Harris评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)评价术后康复效果。

1.5. 统计学分析

所有数据采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行处理,计量资料采用x±s表示,术前与术后各项评分比较采用配对样本t检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

纳入患者均顺利接受手术,手术时间为90~180 min, 平均(131.09 ± 20.06) min;术中失血量100~500 mL,平均(191.96±111.03) mL;平均住院天数(10.61±2.85) d。所有患者均获得满意随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均28个月。骨折愈合时间为3~6个月。末次随访时按照Sanders评分标准评定患髋功能:优3例,良37例,中6例, 优良率86.96%(40/46)。按照Harris评分标准,优6例,良36例,优良率91.30%(42/46)。术后未发现伤口感染、复位丢失、骨折不愈合或内固定失效的病例,患者髋部疼痛均得到有效缓解。患者术前与末次随访时数据对比见表 1,典型病例见图 1

表 1.

股骨转子下骨折钛缆环扎联合髓内钉固定治疗术前与末次随访时数据对比

Comparison of data before operation and final follow-up after less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage

Items Data P value
VAS, visual analogue scale.
Patient characteristics
Age/years, x±s 77.83±10.66
Gender, n
  Male 14
  Female 32
BMI/(kg/m2), x±s 23.91±5.37
Operation time/min 131.09±20.06
Follow-up results
  Pre-operation Harris score
  Post-operation Harris score 84.53±7.66
  Pre-operation Sanders score
  Post-operation Sanders score 49.13±4.09
  Pre-operation VAS score 5.67±1.34 < 0.05
Post-operation VAS score 1.34±0.53

图 1.

左侧股骨转子下骨折,Seinsheimer分型ⅢA型,行左侧有限切开钛缆环扎联合髓内钉固定治疗,术后恢复良好

Left subtrochanteric fracture, Seinsheimer type ⅢA, the patient underwent less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage, and recovered well after operation

A, pelvic anteroposterior X-ray showed the left subtrochanteric fracture; B, preoperative three-dimensional CT showed that the fracture fragments were comminuted and displaced obviously; C, patient was treated with less invasive intramedullary nail fixation combined with titanium cable cerclage; D, postoperative X-ray showed that the fracture reduction and internal fixation was satisfactory; E, one month after operation, X-ray showed that the internal fixation position was good and the fracture line began to blur; F, three months after surgery, X-ray showed good fracture reduction and internal fixation position, and fracture healed gradually.

图 1

3. 讨论

股骨转子下区域处于股骨颈向股骨干的移行部位,是近端松质骨逐渐过度为皮质骨的位置。股骨近端有髋关节外展、外旋和髂腰肌附着,远端有内收及屈伸肌等强大的肌群附着,也是应力集中部位。车祸伤、高处坠落等高能量创伤是引起股骨转子下骨折的常见原因[2, 5]

近年来,由于全球人口老龄化的加剧,合并骨质疏松的高龄人群受到低暴力损伤导致股骨转子下骨折的病例越来越多见。一旦发生骨折,原有的肌力平衡受到破坏常导致复杂的骨折端移位。根据骨折块的数量及移位程度不同,骨折可表现出不同的复杂性[6]。近端骨折块常由于外展、外旋和髂腰肌牵拉而呈外展、外旋和屈曲移位,远端骨折块可由于股四头肌和内收肌的牵拉表现为短缩、内收移位,因此,在股骨转子下骨折的临床治疗过程中常遇到各种问题,包括术中闭合复位困难、固定效果差,术后出现骨折延迟愈合甚至不愈合,髋内翻畸形、内固定断裂失效等并发症[7]

对于股骨转子下骨折,有效的复位和合理的内固定方式选择是治疗的关键。粉碎性股骨转子下骨折,特别是缺乏内侧骨皮质支撑时,常引起内翻畸形,造成手术复位和固定困难,影响康复效果。术中恢复股骨近端内侧皮质的支撑和外侧皮质的张力带作用具有非常重要的临床意义,可有效减少术后并发症的发生率[8]。尽管有学者报道钢板可用于股骨转子下骨折的治疗,并取得良好康复效果[9-11],但股骨近端髓内钉是目前临床上治疗股骨转子下骨折最常用的内固定方式[12]。髓内钉可使骨折周围载荷同时分布于股骨内、外侧骨质,提高内固定材料的稳定性,并且减少了对骨折断端血供的破坏[13-14],但单纯应用髓内钉无法有效稳定长斜形或粉碎性股骨转子下骨折,并且股骨近端髓腔较宽,在髓内钉插入的过程中断端难以自行复位,需在插入髓内钉之前对骨折端进行有效复位和临时固定[15]

在手术过程中,术者应根据医院设备条件和患者自身状况进行手术体位的选择。仰卧位常通过牵引床辅助复位,对于不稳定的股骨转子下骨折,复位后的位置更易于维持,同时C型臂透视更为方便。但牵引力量过大时会造成附着于骨折端的肌肉紧张,增加复位难度。侧卧位时髂腰肌和内收肌处于放松状态,对于一些体型瘦小、移位不明显的股骨转子下骨折较仰卧位更易复位;对于一些体型较胖的股骨转子下骨折,侧卧时更便于髓内钉的植入。

对于简单类型的股骨转子下骨折,如螺旋形骨折、短斜形或横形骨折,可尝试闭合复位,术中根据骨折移位特点,将远端肢体抬高、外展、外旋,以适应近端骨折块的移位方向,但由于骨折周围肌肉的牵拉致使闭合复位非常困难,耗时耗力,难于达到满意复位。为保证复位效果,可采用有限切开的方式对骨折进行复位。于骨折区域大腿外侧作小切口,显露骨折端后,采用顶棒、复位钳等进行复位并临时固定,植入髓内钉并行近端锁定,而后采用钛缆对骨折端进行捆扎固定。Nice结是法国Pascal Boileau医生发明的以他所在法国城市Nice(尼斯)命名的双股线结,具有可靠的加压固定效果,在锁骨骨折、掌骨骨折、髌骨骨折等类型的骨折治疗中能发挥出色的固定效果。

作者在临床实践中发现,股骨转子下骨折复位后,强力缝线配合Nice结固定能有效加强骨折端的稳定程度,在髓内钉植入过程中同样能够有效维持断端稳定,确保髓内钉顺利插入远端髓腔,提高手术效率。同时,有限切开对骨折端软组织剥离较小,减少了对骨折块血供的影响,增加了骨折愈合概率。

有限切开髓内外联合固定手术关键步骤是:术前在C型臂X线机透视下定位骨折断端,于骨折线中点对应皮肤处行切口,显露骨折端;避免大范围软组织剥离;不断调整远端骨折块牵引角度及力度,降低复位和临时固定的难度;达到满意复位后,复位钳临时钳夹固定骨折端,利用过线器于骨折端环扎强力缝线配合Nice结固定,有效加强骨折端的稳定程度;Nice结临时打紧固定后(一般2~3个线结),同样用过线器引入钛缆环扎,暂不收紧固定;髓内钉穿过临时固定的骨折端时需动作轻柔,避免临时固定失效;之后将钛缆收紧固定。注意颈干角的恢复,必要时使用操纵杆技术对骨折近端进行撬拨,避免髋内翻畸形。髓内钉进钉点位置应位于股骨大转子顶点偏内侧,否则容易造成骨折移位、主钉插入困难,远端皮质撞击,甚至医源性骨折。术中应反复采用C型臂透视确保骨折端复位良好,髓内钉置入位置满意。

本研究认为有限切开下髓内外联合固定可减少骨折端血液供应系统的破坏,同时有效维持骨折端稳定,促进骨折的早期愈合。

本研究尚存在一些局限性:第一,样本数量较少,得出的结论可能存在一定的偏倚;第二,本研究的设计是回顾性的;第三,患者年龄、损伤类型、伴随疾病等因素均在一定程度上影响股骨转子下骨折术后的康复效果,我们将在今后的研究中对以上问题进行进一步分层研究。

综上所述,有限切开下髓内外联合固定能够有效解决股骨转子下骨折术中复位问题,钛缆联合髓内钉固定的方式可获得骨折端良好对位对线和稳定性,具有微创、生物力学稳定性好、骨愈合率高、并发症少等优点,是治疗股骨转子下骨折的有效方法,为后期骨折愈合和肢体功能恢复垫定了良好的治疗基础。

Funding Statement

教育部长江学者和创新团队发展计划(IRT_16R01)、北京大学医学部学院建设项目(BMU2019XY007-01)

Supported by the Ministry of Education Innovation Program of China (IRT_16R01), and the Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education (BMU2019XY007-01)

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