Skip to main content
Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences)
. 2020 Oct 19;52(6):1130–1134. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2020.06.024

120例中国成年人上前牙美学比例分析

Esthetic proportions of maxillary anterior teeth of 120 Chinese adults

Wei-liang WU 1,2,*, Xiao ZENG 3,*, Xiao-qiang LIU 1,*, Jian-guo TAN 1
PMCID: PMC7745291  PMID: 33331326

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the esthetic proportions of maxillary anterior teeth in term of the apparent widths proportion of the adjacent teeth and width/height ratio of the clinical crown in 120 Chinese adults.

Methods

Maxillary gypsum casts were obtained from the dental laboratories of stomatological hospitals in North China, Southeast China, and Southwest China, according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Standardized digital photographs of each cast were recorded. The apparent widths and actual widths and heights of the central incisors, lateral incisors and canines were determined by ImageJ software for the calculation of apparent widths proportion of the adjacent teeth and width/height ratio of the clinical crown. The ideal apparent widths proportion (Golden proportion and Preston proportion) and width/height ratio (0.80) were tested. The gender, arch side, and regional differences were investigated.

Results

The apparent widths proportion of the lateral/central incisor was 0.724±0.047, of the canine/lateral incisor was 0.814±0.092. The width/height ratio of the central incisor was 0.848±0.072, of the lateral incisor was 0.834±0.094, of the canine was 0.883±0.098. The esthetic proportions were different from the predicted ideal ratio (P < 0.001). The apparent widths proportion of lateral/central incisor was significantly larger in the right side than that in the left side (0.730± 0.044 vs. 0.718±0.050), and was significantly smaller in North China than that in Southwest China (0.711±0.051 vs. 0.731±0.044). The width/height ratio of the central incisor was significantly larger in the female than that in the male (0.855±0.074 vs. 0.835±0.068), and in the right side than that in the left side (0.855±0.073 vs. 0.842±0.072). The width/height ratio of the lateral incisor was significantly larger in the female than that in the male (0.843±0.097 vs. 0.817±0.084).

Conclusion

The apparent widths proportion of adjacent teeth and the width/height ratio of the clinical crown in Chinese adults are different from the foreigner's. The esthetic proportion parameters have significant population specificity, and the measurements cannot be generalized as well as it should be applied with caution.

Keywords: Dental esthetics, Incisor, Adult, Tooth crown, Odontometry


现代口腔医学不再局限于消除症状、恢复咀嚼功能,“美”已成为不可或缺的重要组成部分,口腔诊疗致力于提供自然和美观的效果。口腔美学中,上前牙的美学比例备受关注[1],确定合适的比例关系是获得美学效果的关键。20世纪70年代起,有学者将“黄金分割比例”引入口腔美学领域[2-3],认为从正面观察时,上颌侧切牙与中切牙、尖牙与侧切牙的宽度比都是0.618时的美学效果较为理想,但Preston[4]发现,自然牙列中几乎不存在黄金分割比例,上颌侧切牙与中切牙、尖牙与侧切牙的宽度比分别为0.66和0.84。除了相邻上前牙的宽度比外,临床冠的宽长比也是重要的牙齿美学参数,Gürel[5]和Sarver[6]认为上前牙临床冠的理想宽长比约为0.80。尽管这些参数已经在日常口腔临床工作中普遍应用[1],但是有研究表明,上述美学比例因种族而变化[7],不同人群中相邻上前牙的宽度比[7-9]和上前牙临床冠的宽长比[7, 9-11]有所不同,甚至在不同性别[9]和左右侧[9-10]之间也存在差异。

有研究针对中国汉族人群进行了上前牙美学比例的测量,结果表明相邻上前牙的宽度比为0.64~0.82[12-13],上前牙临床冠的宽长比为0.82~0.87[13-14],左右对称[13],男女有别[13-14],为中国人口腔美学诊疗提供了重要参考,然而,因上述研究均是在当地高校大学生中开展的,有一定的局限性。本研究通过华北、东南和西南地区的多中心研究,评价120例中国成年人相邻上前牙的宽度比和上前牙临床冠的宽长比,旨在为口腔美学诊疗提供参考。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象

2018年12月在北京大学口腔医院、福建医科大学附属口腔医院、贵州医科大学附属口腔医院的义齿加工中心选取石膏模型各40副。

纳入标准:(1)上颌硅橡胶或聚醚印模灌制的硬石膏模型; (2)成人恒牙列,上前牙为天然牙; (3)无磨耗或缺损,排列整齐。排除标准:(1)牙龈增生或退缩; (2)前牙有间隙或拥挤; (3)有正畸邻面片切者; (4)未记录性别或年龄。

1.2. 研究方法

每副模型利用数码相机(Nikon D810,尼康,日本)和微距镜头(Nikon AF-S VR 105mm f/2.8G,尼康,日本)拍摄5张标准照片,拍摄距离为30 cm以防图像变形。将模型放置在水平的坐标纸上,中线对准参考线,左右对称,中切牙的唇面垂直于水平面,左右尖牙的尖端处于同一水平(图 1)。第一张照片为6颗上前牙的正面照片,相机镜头垂直于中切牙的唇面,沿着穿过模型中线的参考线放置。另外4张照片分别拍摄左右两侧的侧切牙和尖牙,相机位于所拍摄牙齿唇面的正前方并垂直拍照。由拍摄者以外的2名研究者对照片质量进行复审,筛选出合格照片用于后续研究。

图 1.

数码照片及美学比例测量方法

Digital pictures and measurement of esthetic proportions

A, apparent widths proportion of anterior teeth measured by connecting vertical lines with perpendicular lines (white), width and height of central incisors (blue) measured by marking longest apicocoronal distance and widest mesiodistal portion; B, width and height measurements of right canine (blue); C, width and height measurements of right lateral incisors (blue); D, width and height measurements of left lateral incisors (blue); E, width and height measurements of left canine (blue). All measurements were calculated in pixels.

图 1

利用ImageJ软件(美国国立卫生研究院)进行图像测量(图 1)。对于正面照片,用竖线标记邻接触区的最低点,测量每颗牙齿正面观的近远中距离,用于分析相邻上前牙的宽度比。对于上前牙临床冠的宽长比,选择垂直于各自牙冠唇面的照片进行测量,以平行于牙长轴方向的牙龈最高点至切端最低点为临床冠长度,以垂直于牙长轴方向的近远中距离为临床冠宽度。由于本研究以相邻上前牙的宽度比和上前牙临床冠的宽长比为测量目标,因此测量以像素为单位进行。每个参数由2位观察者分别在一周内独立测量2次,以4次测量的平均值为最终结果。

1.3. 统计学分析

计量数据以均数±标准差表示,使用SPSS 20.0软件(IBM公司,美国)对数据进行统计分析。采用组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)评价复测信度和观察者间信度,K-S检验分析数据正态性,独立样本t检验评价不同性别有无差异,配对t检验评价左右两侧有无差异,单因素方差分析评价不同地域有无差异,单样本t检验评价相邻上前牙的宽度比与黄金分割比例和Preston比例有无差异,以及上前牙临床冠的宽长比与理想值0.80有无差异,以双侧P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

根据纳入、排除标准,共收集120个模型,筛选出115组合格照片,其中女性67组、男性48组,年龄18~32岁。

2.1. 测量数据的基本情况

两名观察者的复测信度分别为ICC1=0.917和ICC2=0.846,观察者间信度为ICC0=0.865,信度较高。K-S检验表明,相邻上前牙的宽度比和上前牙临床冠的宽长比测量数据符合正态分布(P>0.05)。

2.2. 相邻上前牙的宽度比

表 1可见,侧切牙与中切牙的宽度比平均为0.724±0.047,与黄金分割比例0.618和Preston比例0.66的差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.001);华北地区比西南地区小0.020±0.008 (2.7%),右侧比左侧大0.012±0.006 (1.7%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);不同性别的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。尖牙与侧切牙的宽度比平均为0.814±0.092,与黄金分割比例0.618和Preston比例0.84的差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.001);不同性别、左右两侧及不同地域的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 1.

相邻上前牙的宽度比(按性别、左右侧及地区分析)

Apparent widths proportion of adjacent maxillary anterior teeth by gender, side, and region

Items Lateral incisor/central incisor Canine/lateral incisor
x±s P x±s P
  For each column, groups identified by different superscript letters (a, b) were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Average 0.724±0.047 0.814±0.092
Gender
  Female 0.724±0.048a 0.878 0.817±0.093a 0.529
  Male 0.725±0.046a 0.808±0.090a
Side
  Right 0.730±0.044a 0.012 0.822±0.090a 0.089
  Left 0.718±0.050b 0.806±0.094a
Region
  North 0.711±0.051a 0.819±0.099a
  Southeast 0.726±0.047a, b 0.044 0.805±0.098a 0.512
  Southwest 0.731±0.044b 0.819±0.081a

2.3. 上前牙临床冠的宽长比

表 2可见,中切牙临床冠的宽长比平均为0.848±0.072,与理想值0.80的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001);女性比男性大0.020±0.010 (2.4%),右侧比左侧大0.013±0.001 (1.5%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);不同地域的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。侧切牙临床冠的宽长比平均为0.834±0.094,与理想值0.80的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001);女性比男性大0.026±0.013 (3.2%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);左右两侧及不同地域的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。尖牙临床冠的宽长比平均为0.883±0.098,与理想值0.80的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001);不同性别、左右两侧及不同地域的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

表 2.

上前牙临床冠的宽长比(按性别、左右侧及地区分析)

Width/height ratio of maxillary anterior teeth by gender, side, and region

Items Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine
x±s P x±s P x±s P
  For each column, groups identified by different superscript letters (a, b) were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Average 0.848±0.072 0.834±0.094 0.883±0.098
Gender
  Female 0.855±0.074a 0.047 0.843±0.097a 0.045 0.891±0.094a 0.067
  Male 0.835±0.068b 0.817±0.084b 0.866±0.105a
Side
  Right 0.855±0.073a 0.002 0.841±0.092a 0.076 0.887±0.092a 0.318
  Left 0.842±0.072b 0.828±0.096a 0.879±0.104a
Region
  North 0.838±0.072a 0.820±0.090a 0.894±0.095a
  Southeast 0.858±0.079a 0.251 0.842±0.095a 0.347 0.897±0.103a 0.063
  Southwest 0.847±0.066a 0.836±0.095a 0.862±0.092a

3. 讨论

以往研究在不同人群中测定上前牙的美学比例[8-14],但结果互不相同,这给临床医生的口腔美学分析设计带来了困惑。在应用这些美学参数时,应充分考虑种族、地域和人群的差异。本文通过多中心研究,评价了120例中国成年人相邻上前牙宽度比和上前牙临床冠的宽长比,结果表明,中国成年人上前牙的美学比例具有自身特点,与国外报道的标准有所不同,为我国的口腔美学诊疗提供了依据。

相邻上前牙的宽度比是设计缺失或缺损前牙的对称性、比例关系等参数的重要依据,是口腔美学重建的关键参数之一[1]。黄金分割比例[2-3]和Preston比例[4]是临床上最常用的参数,罗旭等[15]的研究发现,Preston比例比黄金分割比例更受欢迎。然而有研究表明,上述理论值并非恒定存在于自然牙列中[9],陈润等[12]和Sah等[13]发现,中国大学生群体中并不存在这一比例关系。本研究表明,上颌侧切牙与中切牙、尖牙与侧切牙的宽度比分别为0.724和0.814,与黄金分割比例和Preston比例均有显著差异,说明前述理论值在中国成年人当中并不存在,不宜作为上前牙的美学诊疗标准。由于上前牙的宽度比并非牙齿实际宽度的比值,而是从正面观察时视觉宽度的比值,它受到牙齿大小、排列、位置以及牙弓弧度影响[16],表明中国人的牙颌解剖结构及牙弓形态与外国人不同。此外,既往研究报道,相邻上前牙的宽度比男女一致[8]或不一致[7, 9, 13]、左右对称[8, 13]或不对称[7]。本研究结果显示,侧切牙与中切牙的宽度比右侧比左侧大1.7%、华北地区比西南地区小2.7%,但是这些差异的临床意义有限。在进行口腔美学诊疗时,可考虑地域差异,但左右对称的视觉比例仍是必要的[17]

对于以美学为目标的口腔诊疗而言,上前牙占据主导地位,其临床冠的宽长比作为关键美学指标之一备受关注[1, 15, 18-19]。尽管有研究认为上前牙临床冠的理想宽长比约为0.80[5-6]并被广泛应用,但是许多其他相关研究并未在人群中测得这一比例[7, 9-14]。Cooper等[19]认为,上前牙临床冠的宽长比为0.82时的美学效果最受欢迎; 杨洋等[18]的研究显示,大学生普遍认为0.85的宽长比最为美观; 罗旭等[15]的研究表明,理想的临床冠宽长比不是一个具体数值,而是在0.70~0.86这一范围。本研究实际测得的上颌中切牙、侧切牙、尖牙的宽长比分别为0.85、0.83和0.88,与中国人的审美标准一致[15, 18]。此外,既往研究表明,上前牙临床冠的宽长比男女一致[9-10]或不一致[7, 13-14]、左右对称[9, 13]或不对称[7]。本研究表明,中切牙和侧切牙的临床冠宽长比女性比男性略大,也就是女性的牙齿宽而短、男性的牙齿窄而长,这与余挺等[14]的研究结果一致。中切牙的临床冠宽长比右侧比左侧略大,但差异仅为1.5%,其临床意义有待进一步评估。

本研究的不足之处在于,样本来自于华北、东南和西南地区的三家口腔医院,无法排除非随机抽样和人口流动可能带来的影响,且所用的测量方法是对数码照片进行间接测量[7, 9, 12]而非对石膏模型进行直接测量[8, 10-11, 13-14],今后的研究将针对更多地区和更大样本而开展,并评价不同测量方法的优劣,以便对临床工作起到更好的指导作用。

综上所述,中国成年人相邻上前牙的宽度比不符合黄金分割比例及Preston比例,上前牙临床冠的宽长比大于既往认为的理想值0.80,提示临床医生在进行口腔美学诊疗时,需要按照中国成年人的特征建立自然、美观的相邻上前牙宽度比和临床冠宽长比,同时做到左右对称,并且适度区分性别的差异。在进行口腔美学诊疗时,不应单纯根据医生的偏好和美学观念来设计牙齿形态,而应在遵循客观参数的基础上,充分尊重牙齿的个性化美学特征和患者的主观美学需求[15, 19],最终实现自然和美观的效果。

Funding Statement

北京大学口腔医院临床新技术新疗法项目(PKUSSNCT-19A03)和贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合LH[2016]7258)

Supported by the Program for New Clinical Techniques and Therapies of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology (PKUSSNCT-19A03) and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou Province of China (LH[2016]7258)

References

  • 1.谭 建国. 牙齿美学修复的美学分析与设计. 中国实用口腔科杂志. 2011;4(8):449–450. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Lombardi RE. The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;29(4):358–382. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3913(73)80013-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Levin EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent. 1978;40(3):244–252. doi: 10.1016/0022-3913(78)90028-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Preston JD. The golden proportion revisited. J Esthet Restor Dent. 1993;5(6):247–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.1993.tb00788.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Gürel G. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers. Berlin: Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd; 2003. pp. 63–66. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Sarver DM. Principles of cosmetic dentistry in orthodontics: Part 1. Shape and proportionality of anterior teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126(6):749–753. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.07.034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Al-Kaisy N, Garib BT. Analysis of the golden proportion and width/height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth in Arab and Kurdish populations. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;119(6):981–986. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.08.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Condon M, Bready M, Quinn F, et al. Maxillary anterior tooth dimensions and proportions in an Irish young adult population. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(7):501–508. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02181.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Ozdemir H, Koseoglu M, Bayindir F. An investigation of the esthetic indicators of maxillary anterior teeth in young Turkish people. J Prosthet Dent. 2018;120(4):583–588. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.12.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Orozco-Varo A, Arroyo-Cruz G, Martinez-de-Fuentes R, et al. Biometric analysis of the clinical crown and the width/length ratio in the maxillary anterior region. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;113(6):565–570. doi: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2014.11.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Song JW, Leesungbok R, Park SJ, et al. Analysis of crown size and morphology, and gingival shape in the maxillary anterior dentition in Korean young adults. J Adv Prosthodont. 2017;9(4):315–320. doi: 10.4047/jap.2017.9.4.315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.陈 润, 杨 舟, 吴 千驹, et al. 对正常牙合者上颌前牙相互间牙冠宽度比例的计算机图像测量分析. 福建医科大学学报. 2012;46(1):39–42. [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Sah SK, Zhang HD, Chang T, et al. Maxillary anterior teeth dimensions and proportions in a central mainland chinese population. Chin J Dent Res. 2014;17(2):117–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.余 挺, 杨 希, 赵 莉, et al. 中国汉族成年人的上前牙临床牙冠长度及宽长比分析. 口腔医学研究. 2018;34(9):1003–1006. [Google Scholar]
  • 15.罗 旭, 陈 立, 谭 建国. 上前牙美学比例喜好度的调查. 口腔颌面修复学杂志. 2015;16(4):232–236. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Noroozi H, Nik TH, Saeeda R. The dental arch form revisited. Angle Orthod. 2001;71(5):386–389. doi: 10.1043/0003-3219(2001)071<0386:TDAFR>2.0.CO;2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Liu XQ, Chen L, Zhou JF, et al. An internet evaluation of Chinese public preferences for asymmetrically altered incisor angulations. Chin J Dent Res. 2012;15(2):129–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.杨 洋, 黄 一平, 杜 飞宇, et al. 北京海淀地区大学生对女性微笑时前牙美学参数认知及关注程度的调查. 中华口腔医学杂志. 2012;47(12):753–757. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2012.12.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Cooper GE, Tredwin CJ, Cooper NT, et al. The influence of maxillary central incisor height-to-width ratio on perceived smile aesthetics. Br Dent J. 2012;212(12):589–599. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.522. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Editorial Office of Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, Peking University Health Science Center

RESOURCES