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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 17.
Published in final edited form as: Biometrika. 2018 Aug 13;105(4):987–993. doi: 10.1093/biomet/asy038

Table 1:

Conditional independencies of causal diagrams

(a) Z(X, Y) | U (b) ZY | (U, X)
(c) WX | U (d) W(Z, X, Y) | U, Z(X, Y) | U
(e) W(Z, X, Y) | U, ZY | (U, X) (f) W(Z, X) | U, ZY | (U ,X)