Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection in HHT patients: nasopharyngeal versus oropharyngeal swab

Abstract

On March 11, 2020, WHO has defined the novel coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outbreak as a pandemic that still today continues to affect much of the world. Among the reasons for the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is the role of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic carriers. Therefore diagnostic testing is central to contain the global pandemic. Up to now real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based molecular assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens is the current reference standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. Based on current knowledge regarding the sensitivity of the molecular test, the highest positive detection rate is from lower respiratory tract specimens; alternatively it is possible to perform a nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab. Nasopharyngeal swab is the preferred choice for SARS-CoV-2 testing since it seems to have a greater sensitivity; however the procedure is not always free of complications and an epistaxis can occur. Among patients with greatest risk of massive nosebleed there are HHT patients. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is an autosomal dominant disease that leads to multiregional mucocutanous telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations. Clinically, the presence of telangiectases in nasal mucosa is the cause of recurrent epistaxis. In HHT patients the execution of the nasopharyngeal swab can determine from little or no consequences to a massive epistaxis leading to the necessity of nasal packing generally followed by hospital admission. In HHT patients undergoing a diagnostic test to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 infection status, especially in those patients with frequent epistaxis with a history of anemia and repeated hospitalizations, it is therefore advisable to perform an oropharyngeal swab. This, compared to the nasopharyngeal swab, exposes to a lower risk of severe nosebleeds related treatments, such as blood transfusions or invasive procedures. According to the risk-benefit assessment and based on our experience, we consider that, despite a lower diagnostic sensitivity, oropharyngeal swab is preferable to nasopharyngeal swab for the diagnosis of SARS CoV-2 infection in patients with HHT.

Dear Editor,

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak as pandemic, on March 11th, 2020, the virus has spread to more than 48,786,440 individuals, resulting in 1,234,839 confirmed deaths [1].

Among the reasons for this rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is not only the high transmissibility of the virus, but also the role of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic carriers. Therefore diagnostic testing, to identify people infected with COVID-19, is central to contain the global pandemic, implementing the strict isolation recommended by all governments [2].

Up to now real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based molecular assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens are the current reference standard for COVID-19 diagnosis [2].

Based on current knowledge regarding the sensitivity of the molecular test, the highest positive detection rate is from lower respiratory tract specimens with a sensitivity from 93 to 100% [3, 4]. However, especially in asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic patients, collection of these specimens is not easily feasible; alternatively it is possible to perform a nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab. Between the two sampling sites a greater sensitivity is recorded in the nasopharyngeal sample, described around 63–73%, while the oropharyngeal swab has a sensitivity ranging from 32 to 60% [3, 4].

Nasopharyngeal swabs are considered easy and quick to collect, they are not time-consuming and they can be performed anywhere [5]. However during the diagnostic procedure, especially if not performed correctly, an epistaxis can occur. To reduce this risk, it is recommended to provide training for the health personnel that is going to collect the samples, to inform the patient about the procedure and ask for previous nasal trauma or surgery, septal deviations, history of recurrent nasal bleeding or known coagulopathy [6].

Among patients with greatest risk of massive nosebleed there are HHT patients. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber disease, is an autosomal dominant disease and its prevalence is approximately 1/6000 [7]. HHT has an almost complete age-related penetrance and leads to multiregional mucocutanous telangiectases and visceral arteriovenous malformations [8]. Clinically, the presence of telangiectases in nasal mucosa leads to recurrent epistaxis that affect up to 96% of patients [9]. There is considerable variability from patients whose nosebleeds are limited to a few blood spots on a handkerchief to patients in whom nosebleed severity can lead to chronic anemia and may require a large number of blood transfusions, thus resulting in a worse quality of life [10].

During the execution of a diagnostic nasopharyngeal swab for Covid-19, a massive epistaxis could be triggered in HHT patients, leading to the necessity of nasal packing generally followed by hospital admission. This represents a pejorative factor, because placement and/or removal of nasal packing can lead to mucosal trauma and additional bleeding. For these reasons acute epistaxis HHT-related should be managed with atraumatic packing like resorbable packing materials to prevent rebleeding and to avoid the need for more invasive interventions [11]. However, despite an increased risk of nosebleed, this is not predictable, and also in HHT patients suffering from minor self-managed epistaxis, the execution of the nasopharyngeal swab can determine from little or no consequences to a massive epistaxis difficult to manage.

In HHT patients undergoing a diagnostic test to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 infection status, especially in those patients with frequent epistaxis with a history of mild to severe anemia and repeated hospitalizations, it is therefore advisable, in our opinion, to perform an oropharyngeal swab.

This, compared to the nasopharyngeal swab, exposes to a lower risk of severe nosebleeds related treatments, such as blood transfusions or invasive procedures ranging from prolonged nasal packing to endovascular embolization [12].

It is also advisable, especially in patients with a clinical situation strongly suggestive for COVID-19, to perform a second oropharyngeal swab, in order to increase the diagnostic sensitivity.

According to the risk-benefit assessment and based on our experience, we consider that, despite a lower diagnostic sensitivity, oropharyngeal swab is preferable to nasopharyngeal swab for the diagnosis of SARS CoV-2 infection in patients with HHT.

Abbreviations

WHO

World Health Organization

COVID 19

Coronavirus disease 2019

SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

RT-PCR

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

HHT

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Authors’ contributions

FP is the major conceiver and designer of the manuscript. RL and SU gave the main contribution to the drafting of the paper. PS, CS and EM have contributed as great experts on the HHT desease. GS and EM have collaborated in the correction and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

No funding sources were used for writing this manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

No analysis of clinical data was conducted.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This manuscript was produced without the direct involvement of human participants, human material or human data.

Consent for publication

This manuscript not includes details, images, or videos relating to an individual person.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.