Skip to main content
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements logoLink to Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements
. 2020 Dec 16;10:54. doi: 10.5334/tohm.570

Ataxia Prevalence in Primary Orthostatic Tremor

Rebecca Thompson 1,2, Danish E Bhatti 1, Amy Hellman 1, Sarah J Doss 1, Kalyan Malgireddy 1, James Shou 1, Channaiah Srikanth-Mysore 1, Sunil Bendi 1, John M Bertoni 1, Diego Torres-Russotto 1
PMCID: PMC7747757  PMID: 33362948

Abstract

Background:

The exact pathophysiology of primary Orthostatic Tremor (OT) is unknown. A central oscillator is assumed, and previous imaging studies show involvement of cerebellar pathways. However, the presence of ataxia on clinical exam is disputed. We set out to study ataxia in OT prospectively.

Methods:

EMG-confirmed primary OT subjects and spousal controls received a neurological exam with additional semiquantitative evaluations of ataxia as part of a multinational, prospective study. These included detailed limb coordination (DLC), detailed stance and gait evaluation (DS), and the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS). Intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed and satisfactory.

Results:

34 OT subjects (mean age = 67 years, 88% female) and 21 controls (mean age = 66 years, 65% male) were enrolled. Average disease duration was 18 years (range 4–44). BARS items were abnormal in 88% of OT patients. The OT subjects were more likely to have appendicular and truncal ataxia with significant differences in DLC, DS and BARS. Ocular ataxia and dysarthria were not statistically different between the groups.

Discussion:

Mild-to-moderate ataxia could be more common in OT than previously thought. This is supportive of cerebellar involvement in the pathophysiology of OT. We discuss possible implications for clinical care and future research.

Highlights:

  • Previous studies of Primary Orthostatic Tremor (OT) have proposed pathophysiologic involvement of the cerebellar pathways.

  • However, presence of ataxia has not been systematically studied in OT.

  • This is a prospective comprehensive ataxia assessment in OT compared to controls. Mild-to-moderate appendiculo-truncal ataxia was found to be common in OT.

Keywords: orthostatic tremor, ataxia, coordination, cerebellum, tremor, balance

Introduction

Orthostatic Tremor (OT) is a movement disorder characterized by a sensation of unsteadiness and high frequency leg tremors present only upon standing. Both the sensation of unsteadiness and the tremors disappear or improve substantially by sitting, walking or leaning [1]. The 1998 Movement Disorder Society Consensus Statement on Tremors noted that in OT clinical findings were limited to barely visible or only palpable fine amplitude leg tremors, with diagnosis requiring surface EMG (sEMG) showing a 13–18 Hz pattern [2]. These criteria were also confirmed within the 2018 Consensus Statement of the Classification of Tremors, were Primary OT was described as an isolated tremor syndrome devoid of other clinical findings [3]. Therefore, as an isolated tremor disorder, associated movement phenomenology (including ataxia) is not expected within OT. Primary Orthostatic Tremor Plus occurs when patients with a baseline neurological condition (e.g. Parkinson Disease or Dementia) present with an associated Orthostatic Tremor [3].

The pathophysiology of OT is not well understood. However, many factors seem to point to cerebellar involvement, starting with findings in functional imaging and the fact that some ataxic illnesses are associated with secondary OT [4]. Interestingly, the medications typically used to treat OT can affect cerebellar function which might add information on the location of the oscillator. One study used positron emission tomography (PET) to show increased cerebellar blood flow bilaterally in OT subjects at rest. Moreover, bilateral cerebellar and contralateral lentiform and thalamic activation was present during postural upper limb tremor in OT patients, which was similar to previous findings in PET studies of patients with essential tremor and writing tremors [5,6]. A recent diffusion tensor imaging MRI study found white matter changes to be preferentially located in the cerebellum and in key components of the frontal-thalamic-cerebellar circuit [7] and MR spectroscopy showed a concordant NAA decrease in cerebellar white matter [8], while resting state MRI revealed a decrease of activity in cerebellar and somatosensory networks [9]. Damage to the cerebellum or its pathways has also been described in several cases of OT secondary to cerebellar cortical degeneration, pontine infarction [10,11,12], SCA2 [12], and SCA3 [13], all with associated limb ataxia.

Historically, OT has been mostly described as a pure tremor syndrome. In fact, there has been a paucity of prospectively collected data from large patient series specifically aimed at identifying accompanying signs and symptoms in primary OT patients. This might be in part due to the rarity of the condition. However, assessing patients in a systematic, controlled fashion has led to the discovery of other commonly associated signs and symptoms in OT, including cognitive dysfunction and anxiety-spectrum disorders [14,15]. In terms of presence of ataxia in OT, there is discrepancy in cohort descriptions ranging from a majority of patients with cerebellar symptoms in the only prospective study showing ataxia in 14 out of 18 examined subjects of a screened cohort of 37 patients [16], while retrospective analyses did not find ataxia at all in 68 OT patients [17] or exceptional cases of ataxia with 1 out of 5 patients designated as OT plus out of a cohort of 45 OT patients [18] and 2 patients out of 184 OT cases [19]. The lack of systematic and prospective data collection might be the culprit for mounting controversy [20,21,22].

Given the growing evidence of cerebellar involvement in OT, we hypothesized that ataxia may be more prevalent in this patient population than previously suggested by retrospective studies. This study attempts to answer the question of the prevalence of ataxic signs in patients with OT by the prospective, systematic performance of comprehensive ataxia testing in a relatively large cohort of OT participants.

Methods

Participants

This study was approved by the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Institutional Review Board and was part of the UNMC Primary OT study, a prospective study with systematic assessments followed longitudinally [23]. Subjects from USA, Canada, Europe and Australia participated in the study. Initial informed consent was obtained over the phone due to subjects coming from large distances and live re-consent was obtained at the start of the study visits. Only participants with EMG-proven Primary OT with a 13–18 Hz tremor upon standing were included in the patient cohort, following the 1998 Consensus Statement on Tremors [2]. Their significant others were recruited as controls, which resulted in a male preponderance in the control group (65.0%) in contrast to the female preponderance in the OT group (87.9%). Exclusion criteria for both groups included known vestibular or balance problem or any other known diseases affecting movement. Cases of secondary OT were excluded. Evaluations were video recorded for the purpose of blinded reliability testing.

Test Methods

The participants underwent a full neurological exam with a comprehensive ataxia assessment completed by movement disorder neurologists. The primary endpoint was a difference among the cohorts on the total score of the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale (BARS), a validated rating scale for ataxia. The BARS was scored in accordance with the parameters on the scale instructions [24]. Once the BARS was recorded, a semiquantitative coordination examination ensued, included detailed limb coordination testing (DLC) and detailed stance and gait testing (DS) (Table 1). Some of the tests (such as finger-to-nose) were performed twice (once for the BARS, and once for the DLC) and results reported as obtained. The upper and lower limb DLC exam was performed while sitting. Each component of the DLC and DS was scored by the specialists in a binary fashion (normal versus abnormal).

Table 1.

Components of detailed limb coordination and detailed stance assessments.

Detailed limb coordination Detailed stance

Finger to nose Truncal sway or titubation while raising
Rapid alternating hand movements Stance base
Finger chase Stance with eyes closed and feet apart
Sequential finger movements Stance with eyes open and feet together
Hand rhythm tapping Stance with eyes closed and feet apart
Heel knee shin Tandem gait
Toe following finger Pull test

We understand that although the tests included in our DLC and DS evaluation have been historically used in clinical practice to ascertain coordination, their accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and reliability have not been systematically reported. This is why we chose the validated BARS as our primary measuring tool. And this is the reason why we also decided to use control subjects to increase the validity of the results. At the time of initial subject evaluation the neurological exam was videotaped. A subset of these video recordings was reevaluated by the investigators to assess reliability. To measure intra-rater reliability, each investigator rated subjects they had previously evaluated. To measure inter-rater reliability, two investigators rated subjects that they had not previously seen. The reliability testing was completed at one year from the original visits, and the investigators were blinded to the underlying diagnosis. A total of five investigators were involved in the inter-rater reliability process.

Statistical Analysis

Significance was assessed by two-tailed Student’s t-test for BARS and Fisher’s Exact test for DLC and DS. Reliability was reported as percent agreement. The number of tests per participant varies slightly due to investigator’s omission error or the absence of good quality video recordings for the particular test.

Results

Demographics

34 OT subjects and 21 controls were enrolled. Sample characteristics can be seen in Table 2. The duration of symptoms for OT subjects ranged from 4 to 44 years (average 18) and average time to diagnosis from symptom onset was 7.7 years. A minority of the OT subjects were on medications for symptomatic treatment of their condition. These could potentially produce ataxic signs, and therefore have been listed on Table 2. None of our patients was taking more than one of these medications at the same time.

Table 2.

Sample description.

OT participants (range) N = 34 Healthy controls (range) N = 21

Age 66.5 (54–87) 66.1 (62–86)
Sex (% female) 87.9% 35%
Disease Duration in years 18 (4–44) n/a
Time to diagnosis in years 7.7 (1–20) n/a
Relevant Medications # of OT participants # of controls

Gabapentin 7 n/a
Clonazepam 4 n/a
Primidone 2 n/a
Levetiracetam, Pramipexole, Pregabalin, Propranolol, Topiramate 1 n/a

Test results

There were statistically significant differences between OT patients and controls on the BARS. Using the most stringent criteria (BARS score equal or more than 1), twenty-four (87.5%) OT subjects had an abnormal score vs. 11 (52.4%) controls (Table 3). In 33 patients versus 21 controls BARS total score had a mean of 5.42 ± 3.40 versus 1.14 ± 1.42 (p < 0.001) and a median of 6 versus 1, respectively (Figure 1). When the scores were broken down, appendicular and truncal ataxia were found to be common in the OT subjects compared to controls. We did not find a significant difference in ocular or speech ataxia among our subjects (see Table 3). However, dysarthria and knee-tibia-test scores were elevated exclusively in the OT cohort, not in controls. We also found significant differences on the DLC and DS assessments which is consistent with what was found on the BARS (Table 3). There was no correlation between total BARS score and disease duration (data not shown).

Table 3.

Coordination Exam results.

BRIEF ATAXIA RATING SCALE (n) Number of patients with BARS item ≥1 (%) Number of controls with BARS item ≥1 (%) P Value (2-tailed Student’s t-test)

Gait (33 cases, 21 controls) 23 (69.7) 5 (23.8) <0.01
Knee tibia test – right (33 cases, 21 controls) 11 (33.3) 0 (0) 0.01
Knee tibia test – left (33 cases, 21 controls) 8 (24.2) 0 (0) 0.03
Finger to nose – right (33 cases, 21 controls) 25 (85.8) 5 (23.8) <0.01
Finger to nose – left (33 cases, 21 controls) 28 (84.8) 6 (28.6) <0.01
Dysarthria (33 cases, 21 controls) 3 (9.1) 0 (0) 0.16
Oculomotor (33 cases, 21 controls) 13 (39.4) 6 (28.6) 0.34
Number of Participants with BARS total ≥1 (33 cases, 21 controls) 29 (87.9) 11 (52.4) <0.01
BARS total Score (33 cases, 21 controls) Median, Mean, SD Median, Mean, SD P Value (Chi Square Test)

6, 5.42, 3.16 1, 1.14, 1.42 <0.001
DETAILED LIMB COORDINATION TESTING (n) Number of patients with abnormal test (%) Number of controls with abnormal test (%) P Value (Fisher exact test)

Finger to nose (34 cases, 21 controls) 24 (70.6) 8 (38.1) <0.01
Rapid alternating hand movements (34 cases, 20 controls) 11 (32.4) 2 (10) 0.301
Finger Chase (Finger following finger) (34 cases, 20 controls) 28 (82.4) 8 (40) <0.01
Sequential hand movements (34 cases, 21 controls) 21 (61.8) 4 (19) <0.01
Heel knee shin (34 cases, 21 controls) 8 (23.5) 0 (0) 0.02
Toe following finger (34 cases, 20 controls) 23 (67.6) 7 (35) 0.01
Hand rhythm tapping (34 cases, 21 controls) 7 (21.2) 2 (9.5) 0.6
DETAILED STANCE AND GAIT TESTING (n) Number of patients with abnormal test (%) Number of controls with abnormaltest (%) P Value(Fisher exact test)

Truncal sway (32 cases, 20 controls) 9 (28.1) 0 (0) <0.01
Stance base (34 cases, 21 controls) 28 (82.4) 4 (19) <0.01
Stance with eyes closed feet apart (34 cases, 20 controls) 25 (73.5) 0 (0) <0.01
Stance with eyes open and feet together (34 cases, 19 controls) 26 (76.5) 2 (10.5) <0.01
Stance with eyes closed and feet together (34 cases, 19 controls) 31 (91.2) 5 (26.3) <0.01
Tandem gait (33 cases, 21 controls) 20 (60.6) 3 (14.3) <0.01
Pull test (more than 3 steps backwards) (33 cases, 21 controls) 23 (69.7) 6 (28.6) <0.01

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Distribution of BARS total scores (A) and BARS finger-to-nose-test scores (B) among OT patients versus controls.

Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability Agreement

There was overall a very good level of reliability among our examiners in the performance of the many tests involved (Table 4). Intra-rater reliability for the DLC was 72.6% and inter-rater reliability 81.9%. Intra-rater reliability on the DS was 88% and inter-rater reliability 73.6%. An interesting finding was that alternating hand movements had 100% inter- and intra-rater reliability.

Table 4.

Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability Testing Agreement.

Task Intra-rater reliability agreement Inter-rater reliability agreement

Detailed Limb Coordination tasks
FTN 66.6% 79.2%
Rapid alternating hand movements 100% 100%
Finger Chase (finger following finger) 66.6% 79.2%
Sequential hand movements 66.6% 95.8%
Rhythm tap 75% 77.3%
Heel knee shin test 83.3% 91.7%
Toe following finger 50% 50%
Total Detailed Limb Coordination Score 72.6% 81.9%
Detailed Stance tasks
Truncal sway 66.7% 70%
Raising up 83.3% 58.3%
Stance base 100% 91.7%
Stance with eyes closed and feet apart 83.3% 72.7%
Stance with eyes open and feet together 100% 54.5%
Stance with eyes closed and feet together 100% 54.5%
Tandem 83.3% 91.7%
Pull test 83% 91.7%
Total Detailed Stance Score 88% 73.6%

Discussion

Based on this prospective study, the presence of ataxia in OT seems more common than previously reported [18,19]. Previous negative studies were either retrospective [18,19], or did not include systematic ataxia exams [25]. Our data is in agreement with previous findings of mild oculomotor ataxia found in prospective studies with distinct neuro-ophthalmologic methodology [16,26], while retrospective studies did find ataxia only in exceptional cases: no ataxia in 68 OT patients [17], 1 patient designated as OT plus with ET and ataxia among a cohort of 45 cases (5 OT plus) [18], 2 patients in a cohort of 184 patients [19]. The discrepancy could be in part due to disease duration, which was longer in the prospective study (14.1 years) and closer to our cohort’s (18 years), whereas the disease duration in retrospective studies was below 10 years [18,19]. One retrospective study however included follow up visits after a median of 6 years, which resulted in a disease duration of 14 years [17], but focused on progression of OT symptoms.

The strengths of our study include its prospective nature, the systematic assessment of ataxia, the use of validated scales, the use of multiple tests, the use of controls, the high level of intra- and inter-rater agreement, and the relatively large cohort for a rare disease. Limitations of our study include the relatively small cohort of patients. Also, a minority of our patients were taking medications for OT, which were not stopped for the sake of this study and could cause or worsen ataxia, particularly in toxic levels. But the use of toxic levels would be unlikely in these stable patients. In fact it has been reported that many OT patients end medical treatments quickly if side effects occur [20]. Importantly, many participants who were found to have signs of ataxia, were not taking any medications. Another important limitation is that by choosing to use spousal controls, the gender distribution was not egalitarian, particularly since more females are affected by OT.

The presence of ataxia or cerebellar dysfunction is germane to the pathophysiological understanding of many movement disorders and especially tremor disorders like essential tremor [27] and OT [28]. Ataxia was consistently mild in our sample, which renders its detection in OT more difficult. This might help explain why ataxia has not been consistently reported in OT. Importantly, ataxia scales have been primarily designed to rate severity of ataxia in known cerebellar disorders rather than as screening tools to extract mild ataxia from complex movement disorder patients. The difficulty of choosing an ataxia test in this setting is illustrated by a recent study where the authors were successfully using eyeblink classical conditioning as marker of cerebellar dysfunction in OT patients, while the clinical ataxia scale (SARA, Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) [29] did not reach significance in their cohort of 13 patients compared to controls, most likely due to underpowered sample size [26]. As neurologists, we favor direct measurements of motor disability using clinical scales, which was the emphasis in our study. OT gives us the advantage of occurring only when standing, so that ataxia examinations carried out while sitting or lying down should be less affected by the tremor. However, we acknowledge that OT pathophysiology has not been unraveled yet and rare cases with symptoms in other body positions have been described [18]. A limitation of our study is that direct influence of subclinical tremor on BARS rating cannot be excluded completely. BARS does not contain any standing item as opposed to SARA [29] or ICARS [30], which might conveniently render it best for OT populations. We did not find a correlation of BARS total score and disease duration. However, since the OT-10 Severity Scale was not available when we completed the data collection, we were unable to calculate a correlation of OT and ataxia severity.

There is some agreement to a single central tremor generator in OT, but the location of such a generator remains unclear [28]. The findings of this study are supportive of cerebellar pathway involvement. Increased cerebellar activation seems undisputed in OT patients [6,31,32]. Moreover, activated cerebello-thalamic pathways seem to be involved in several tremor disorders such as essential and writing tremors [5]. It is unclear if cerebellar activation comprises an attempt to compensate tremor of a different source that may or may not arrive at attenuating it. Also a primary cerebellar defect could lead to OT oscillations based on recent findings of grey matter atrophy in cerebellar lobule VI with concurrent hypertrophy in the upper vermis and cerebrocortical motor regions in OT [31].

With our finding that ataxia is common in OT we see opportunities for additional studies. We did not evaluate brain images in our OT patients and in light of previous studies, cerebellar subregional volumes would be interesting to study in OT. Reproduction of previous studies of functional imaging [33] on a larger scale to enhance focal and time resolution would also be useful in determining the role of the cerebellum in OT. Also, as more findings are added to the list of motor and non-motor associations in primary OT (now to include ataxia, cognitive and behavioral components), revisions to existing diagnostic criteria might be entertained. Lastly, we believe that as clinicians, these findings could make us consider a more thorough coordination exam in patients with OT, and the avoidance of possible offending drugs.

Acknowledgements

We thank all individuals with OT and their families for their trust in us and their participation in this study and therefore support of OT research. We thank our funders for supporting the study.

Funding Statement

This research was supported in part by the University of Nebraska Foundation’s Orthostatic Tremor Research and Education Fund, and by the UNMC/Nebraska Medicine Clinical and Translational Research Support Fund, both to Dr. Torres-Russotto. There was no specific funding for this project obtained by other authors. Dr. Bertoni has received support for clinical research trials/lectures/or has served on advisory boards for the following: Abbvie, Acadia, Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Eisai, Elan Pharmaceuticals, KGaA, Kyowa, Merck, Novartis, Pharmacia, Schwarz Pharma, SKB (Smith Kline Beecham), Solvay, TEVA, and UCB Pharma. Dr. Bhatti has done speaking/consulting for Teva neurosciences, Abbvie, Adamas, Accadia, Allergan Pakistan, Merz, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, PharmEvo Pakistan, Amneal and Accorda in the past. He has done research funded by Abbvie, NIH, Ipsen, Revance, Prilenia and global kinetics. Dr. Doss declares to have received in the past funding from Actelion for unrelated projects and speaker honoraria, Teva Pharmaceuticals for unrelated projects. Dr. Hellmann declares speaking engagements paid by Teva. Dr. Torres-Russotto has received consultation honoraria from AbbVie, Acorda, Adamas, Allergan, Global Kinetics Corporation, Ipsen, Kyowa-Kirin, Sunovion and Teva. Dr. Torres-Russotto has participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Ipsen and Revance. The other authors have no financial disclosures.

Funding Information

This research was supported in part by the University of Nebraska Foundation’s Orthostatic Tremor Research and Education Fund, and by the UNMC/Nebraska Medicine Clinical and Translational Research Support Fund, both to Dr. Torres-Russotto.

There was no specific funding for this project obtained by other authors.

Dr. Bertoni has received support for clinical research trials/lectures/or has served on advisory boards for the following: Abbvie, Acadia, Aventis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Eisai, Elan Pharmaceuticals, KGaA, Kyowa, Merck, Novartis, Pharmacia, Schwarz Pharma, SKB (Smith Kline Beecham), Solvay, TEVA, and UCB Pharma.

Dr. Bhatti has done speaking/consulting for Teva neurosciences, Abbvie, Adamas, Accadia, Allergan Pakistan, Merz, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, PharmEvo Pakistan, Amneal and Accorda in the past. He has done research funded by Abbvie, NIH, Ipsen, Revance, Prilenia and global kinetics.

Dr. Doss declares to have received in the past funding from Actelion for unrelated projects and speaker honoraria, Teva Pharmaceuticals for unrelated projects.

Dr. Hellmann declares speaking engagements paid by Teva.

Dr. Torres-Russotto has received consultation honoraria from AbbVie, Acorda, Adamas, Allergan, Global Kinetics Corporation, Ipsen, Kyowa-Kirin, Sunovion and Teva. Dr. Torres-Russotto has participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Ipsen and Revance.

The other authors have no financial disclosures.

Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Author Contributions

  • AH Conception and design, data obtention, revising paper for important intellectual content, approval of final version.

  • CSM Data obtention and interpretation, approval of final version.

  • DB Conception and design, data obtention, revising paper for important intellectual content.

  • DTR Conception and design, data obtention, data interpretation, revising article for important intellectual content, final approval.

  • JB Conception and design, data obtention, revising paper for important intellectual content.

  • JS Data obtention and interpretation, paper and table design.

  • KM Data obtention and interpretation, revising article for important intellectual content.

  • RT Conception and design, data obtention, first draft of paper, revising paper for important intellectual content.

  • SB Data obtention and interpretation, revising article for important intellectual content.

  • SD Data interpretation, revising article for important intellectual content, approval of final version.

References

  • 1.Heilman KM. Orthostatic tremor. Arch Neurol. 1984; 41: 880–1. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050190086020 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 1998; 13 Suppl 3: 2–23. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870131303 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, et al. Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2018; 33: 75–87. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27121 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Whitney D, Bhatti D, Torres-Russotto D. Orthostatic Tremor: Pathophysiology Guiding Treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2018; 20: 35 DOI: 10.1007/s11940-018-0524-3 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Wills AJ, Jenkins leuan H, Thompson PD, Findley LJ, Brooks DJ. A Positron Emission Tomography Study of Cerebral Activation Associated With Essential and Writing Tremor. Arch Neurol. 1995; 52: 299–305. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540270095025 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Wills AJ, Thompson PD, Findley LJ, Brooks DJ. A positron emission tomography study of primary orthostatic tremor. Neurology. 1996; 46: 747–52. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.46.3.747 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Benito-León J, Romero JP, Louis ED, Sánchez-Ferro A, Matarazzo M, Molina-Arjona JA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in orthostatic tremor: A tract-based spatial statistics study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019; 6: 2212–22. DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50916 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Benito-León J, Louis ED, Mato-Abad V, Dydak U, Álvarez-Linera J, Hernández-Tamames JA, et al. In vivo neurometabolic profiling in orthostatic tremor. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95: e4848 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004848 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Benito-León J, Louis ED, Manzanedo E, Hernández-Tamames JA, Álvarez-Linera J, Molina-Arjona JA, et al. Resting state functional MRI reveals abnormal network connectivity in orthostatic tremor. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016; 95 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004310 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Setta F, Manto MU. Orthostatic tremor associated with a pontine lesion or cerebellar disease. Neurology. 1998; 51: 923 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.51.3.923-a [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Setta F, Jacquy J, Hildebrand J, Manto M-U. Orthostatic tremor associated with cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol. 1998; 245: 299–302. DOI: 10.1007/s004150050222 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Sarva H, Severt WL, Jacoby N, Pullman SL, Saunders-Pullman R. Secondary orthostatic tremor in the setting of cerebellar degeneration. J Clin Neurosci Off J Neurosurg Soc Australas. 2016; 27: 173–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.027 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Bonnet C, Apartis E, Anheim M, Legrand AP, Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Bonnet AM, et al. Tremor-spectrum in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. J Neurol. 2012; 259: 2460–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6531-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Benito-León J, Louis ED, Puertas-Martín V, Romero JP, Matarazzo M, Molina-Arjona JA, et al. Cognitive and neuropsychiatric features of orthostatic tremor: A case–control comparison. J Neurol Sci. 2016; 361: 137–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.031 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Bhatti DE, Thompson RJ, Malgireddy K, Syed NM, Bayer B, Bessette D, et al. Anxiety spectrum disorders are common in patients with orthostatic tremor. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2019; 1: 10–2. DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2019.07.001 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Feil K, Böttcher N, Guri F, Krafczyk S, Schöberl F, Zwergal A, et al. Long-term course of orthostatic tremor in serial posturographic measurement. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015; 21: 905–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.05.021 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Ganos C, Maugest L, Apartis E, Gasca-Salas C, Cáceres-Redondo MT, Erro R, et al. The long-term outcome of orthostatic tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87: 167–72. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309942 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Yaltho TC, Ondo WG. Orthostatic tremor: A review of 45 cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014; 20: 723–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.03.013 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Hassan A, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY, Milber JM, Bower JH, Wilkinson JR. Orthostatic tremor: Clinical, electrophysiologic, and treatment findings in 184 patients. Neurology. 2016; 86: 458–64. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002328 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Benito-León J, Domingo-Santos A, Hassan A, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY, Bower JH. Orthostatic tremor: Clinical, electrophysiologic, and treatment findings in 184 patients. Neurology. 2016; 87: 341 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002907 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Benito-León J, Domingo-Santos Á. Comment on the case report entitled “Secondary orthostatic tremor in the setting of cerebellar degeneration.” J Clin Neurosci. 2016; 30: 169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.02.006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ganos C, Erro R, Mir P, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Vidailhet M. On the long-term outcome of orthostatic tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015; 21: 1290–1. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.07.023 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Bhatti D, Thompson R, Xia Y, Hellman A, Schmaderer L, Suing K, et al. Comprehensive, blinded assessment of balance in orthostatic tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; 47: 22–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.11.335 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Schmahmann JD, Gardner R, MacMore J, Vangel MG. Development of a brief ataxia rating scale (BARS) based on a modified form of the ICARS. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc. 2009; 24: 1820–8. DOI: 10.1002/mds.22681 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Vijiaratnam N, Sirisena D, Paul E, Bertram KL, Williams DR. Measuring disease progression and disability in orthostatic tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; 55: 138–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.06.014 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Antelmi E, Rocchi L, Cocco A, Erro R, Latorre A, Liguori R, et al. Cerebellar and brainstem functional abnormalities in patients with primary orthostatic tremor. Mov Disord. 2018; 33: 1024–5. DOI: 10.1002/mds.27331 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Louis ED. Essential tremor and the cerebellum. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018; 155: 245–58. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00016-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Lenka A, Pal PK, Bhatti DE, Louis ED. Pathogenesis of Primary Orthostatic Tremor: Current Concepts and Controversies. Tremor Hyperkinetic Mov N Y N. 2017; 7: 513 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.384 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Schmitz-Hübsch T, du Montcel ST, Baliko L, Berciano J, Boesch S, Depondt C, et al. Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: Development of a new clinical scale. Neurology. 2006; 66: 1717–20. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000219042.60538.92 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Trouillas P, Takayanagi T, Hallett M, Currier RD, Subramony SH, Wessel K, et al. International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale for pharmacological assessment of the cerebellar syndrome. The Ataxia Neuropharmacology Committee of the World Federation of Neurology. J Neurol Sci. 1997; 145: 205–11. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-510X(96)00231-6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Gallea C, Popa T, García-Lorenzo D, Valabregue R, Legrand A-P, Apartis E, et al. Orthostatic tremor: A cerebellar pathology? Brain. 2016; 139: 2182–97. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww140 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Schöberl F, Feil K, Xiong G, Bartenstein P, la Fougére C, Jahn K, et al. Pathological ponto-cerebello-thalamo-cortical activations in primary orthostatic tremor during lying and stance. Brain J Neurol. 2017; 140: 83–97. DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww268 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Wills AJ, Thompson PD, Findley LJ, Brooks DJ. A positron emission tomography study of primary orthostatic tremor. Neurology. 1996; 46: 747–52. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.46.3.747 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements are provided here courtesy of Ubiquity Press

RESOURCES