We, the undersigned, are physicians, nurses, scientists, and other health professionals who are alumnae/i or current Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officers of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We are proud of our training and service in the EIS, promoting CDC’s vital mission to protect the health of the American people.
We hereby express our concern about the ominous politicization and silencing of the nation’s health protection agency during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In previous public health crises, CDC provided the best available information and straightforward recommendations directly to the public. It was widely respected for effectively synthesizing and applying scientific evidence from epidemiologists and biomedical researchers at CDC and worldwide. Its historic credibility was based on incomparable expertise and 70+ years of institutional memory. That focus and organization is hardly recognizable today.
The absence of national leadership on COVID-19 is unprecedented and dangerous. The US epidemic is sustained by deadly chains of transmission that crisscross the entire country. Yet states and territories have been left to invent their own differing systems for defining, diagnosing and reporting cases of this highly contagious disease. Inconsistent contact tracing efforts are confined within each state’s borders – while coronavirus infections sadly are not. Such chaos is what CDC customarily avoided by its long history of collaboration with state and local health authorities in developing national systems for disease surveillance and coordinated control.
When this open letter was written, the COVID-19 death toll surpassed 100,000 in the US and 250,000 in all other countries combined. The devastation continues with an end not yet in sight. CDC should be at the forefront of a successful response to this global public health emergency. We urgently call upon the American people to demand and our nation’s leaders to allow CDC to resume its indispensable role.
Signed,
[See 1,044 names below]
TOTAL 1951–2020, N=1044
Class of 1951 (n=3): Henry R Shinefield, J Thomas Grayston, Jeramiah A.
Barondess
Class of 1952 (n=2): Charles F Federspiel, Harold W. Black
Class of 1954 (n=1): Calvin Kunin
Class of 1955 (n=2): Neal Nathanson, Norman Petersen
Class of 1956 (n=2): Alfonse T Masi, Lauri David Thrupp
Class of 1957 (n=2): Stanley A Plotkin, Stephen J Seligman
Class of 1958 (n=1): André J Nahmias
Class of 1959 (n=3): Alvin Novack, David Schottenfeld
Class of 1960 (n=4): Clark W. Heath, Jr., James Maynard, Lawrence S
Cohen, William Elsea
Class of 1961 (n=4): David Rush, Jesse C Arnold, Robert Scholtens,
Wiley Mosley
Class of 1962 (n=1): Peter Greenwald
Class of 1963 (n=7): Antone A Medeiros, Arnold Kaufmann, David M
Reisler, Morton A Levy, Nicholas H.Wright, Pierce Gardner, Ron Levine
Class of 1964 (n=10): Beryl J. Rosenstein, Eugene J Gangarosa, Eugene R
Schiff, George Miller, James L Gale, Joshua Fierer, Read McGehee, Thomas M. Mack, W
Michael Cross
Class of 1965 (n=7): Alan Hinman, Alan Leviton, Albert R. Martin,
Gordon T. Moore, J. Lyle Conrad, Ralph H. Henderson, Sanford “Ben”
Werner
Class of 1966 (n=12): Adolf W. Karchmer, Cyrus Hopkins, Edward Shmunes,
F Marc LaForce, Marc Gurwith, Noah Klein, Robert J Latta, Robert S. Lawrence,
Sheldon Greenfield, Steven A. Schroeder, Thomas Vernon, William Schaffner
Class of 1967 (n=15): Burton Golub, David W Vastine, F. Douglas
Scutchfield, Glenn Haughie, Herbert DuPont, Joel L Nitzkin, Joel P Friedman, John P.
Burke, Kenneth Quickel, Lawrence P Levitt, Michael C. Sinclair, Ronald W
O’Connor, Stephen C Schoenbaum, Thomas C Cesario, Thomas C Shope
Class of 1968 (n=9): Barth Reller, Benedict Archer, David R. Perera,
Godfrey Oakley, John A Bryan, Richard Rothenberg, Robert L. Owen, Roger Rochat,
Spotswood L. Spruance
Class of 1969 (n=16): Allen Peters, Arthur Dover, Bernhoff A Dahl,
Dennis G Maki, Edgar K Marcuse, James B. Kahn, John McGowan, Marshall D. Fox,
Michael W Rosen, Paul A. Blake, Philip D. Darney, Robert J. Melton, Ronald Hattis,
Russell W. Currier, T. Stephen Jones, Warner Tillack
Class of 1970 (n=12): Andrew T Taylor, Claude T.H. Friedmann, Dennis
O’Connor, Douglas H. Huber, Franklyn N. Judson, George Jackson, Gerald
Faich, Jeffrey Rosenstock, Lawrence E. Klock, Philip J. Landrigan, Stephen Gehlbach,
Steven H. Lamm
Class of 1971 (n=9): Frederick Trowbridge, Gary S Berger, James
Lindsey, Michael A. Gross, Paul L Steer, Philip C. Craven, Richard A. Kaslow, Roscoe
M Moore Jr, Stanley Music
Class of 1972 (n=9): Bernard Guyer, Cary L Young, David Rimland, Henry
Kahn, James S. Koopman, Jeffrey Koplan, Kenneth M. Boyer, Sankey Williams
Class of 1973 (n=15): Barry Levy, C. Fordham von Reyn, Cornelis Kolff,
Frederick Connell, Jack Nissim, James M. Hughes, Jason Weisfeld, John R. Burk,
Joseph B. McCormick, Robert J. Biggar, Robert L. Rosenberg, Robert Maulitz, Robert
W. Haley, Winthrop A. Burr, Wynn H. Hemmert
Class of 1974 (n=18): Alan G. Barbour, Andrew G Dean, Charles Hoke,
Dennis Schaberg, Edward L. Baker, Grace Emori-Elder, Grayson B. Miller, Jr., Jay A.
Jacobson, John C Harris, Kenneth E Powell, Marcus A. Horwitz, Mark L. Rosenberg,
Mary Guinan, Michael R Jennings, Morris Potter, Peter K. Shaw, Steven Solter, Walter
Orenstein
Class of 1975 (n=14): Douglas M Shasby, Gregory A Filice, Gregory
Hayden, Harold S. Margolis, James W Stratton, Joel Greenspan, John Middaugh, Mark
Oberle, Neal Halsey, Philip J Rettig, Richard J Jackson, Richard OBrien, Steve
Englender, William Halperin
Class of 1976 (n=17): Brian J. McCarthy, Cathryn L Samples, Charles F.
Lovell, Jr., Dale L. Morse, David M Morens, Diana Petitti, Gregory Storch, Henry
Retailliau, Joel G Breman, Joel I Ward, Marshall F. Goldberg, Mitchell Cohen, Philip
Graitcer, Philip R Taylor, Robert Gunn, Thomas M. Hooton, William Terranova
Class of 1977 (n=19): Alan Engelberg, Ann M Kimball, Charles E. Haley,
Claire Broome, David B Nelson, Harold Huntley Hardison, Herbert W Clegg,
José G. Rigau, Julian Gold, Larry Anderson, Lawrence J. D’Angelo,
Marc Filstein, Randall Reves, Richard Hopkins, Richard Vogt, Stephen C. Hadler,
Steven Teutsch, Wesley Earl Jones, William D Goldman
Class of 1978 (n=12): Albert C. England III, Andrew A Vernon, Dorine G.
Kramer, Jeffrey D Band, Karen Starko, Mark W. Kehrberg, Patrick A. Robinson, Richard
E Hoffman, Roger Bernier, Thad Woodard, William N Hall
Class of 1979 (n=11): Arthur Reingold, J. Glenn Morris, Jr., John M.
Kobayashi, Marie R Griffin, Mark A.Kane, Martin J Blaser, Mitchell Carl, Paul
Bartlett, Peter Katona, Ron Waldman, William Heyward
Class of 1980 (n=13): Alan B Bloch, Charles Ryan, Loreen A. Herwaldt,
Nancy Binkin, Stephen L Hines, Stephen Sepe, Steven D Helgerson, Steven Wassilak,
Anonymous (n=5)
Class of 1981 (n=25): Bess Miller, Bruce S. Klein, Carol Tacket, George
T DiFerdinando Jr, Harold W. Jaffe, Harry W. Haverkos, Ira Schwartz, Jai Narain,
Jeffrey R Harris, Joe Mulinare, Joel Kuritsky, Kathleen Gensheimer, Kevin
O’Reilly, Lee W Riley, Lorence T Kircher, Martha Rogers, Michael D. Malison,
Michael J Hodgson, Miriam Alter, Nancy C. Lee, Pauline Thomas, Robert Berry, Steven
L Solomon, Suzanne R Jenkins, Wallace Alward
Class of 1982 (n=19): Barry P Chaiken, David McAuley, Edith R. Welty,
Edith Welty, Frank Richards, George W. Rutherford, Gib Parrish, Gordon Smith, Kyle
Steenland, Laurene Mascola, Lawrence D. Budnick, Mark Finch, Patrick Remington, Paul
A Stehr-Green, Paul Garbe, Rand Stoneburner, Robert Gaynes, Stephen Cochi, Thomas
Welty
Class of 1983 (n=16): Adele Franks, Cynthia J. Berg, David Fleming,
David T. Dennis, Kenneth Castro, Kristine Moore (aka Kristine MacDonald), Marguerite
Pappaioanou, Marta Gwinn, Millicent Eidson, Nancy Stroup, Paul Seligman, Peter D
Lichty, Richard Ehrenberg, Rob McConnell, Robert P. Wise
Class of 1984 (n=46): Alan M Rauch, Alvaro Garza, Andrew Ghio, Charles
Guest, Charles Rabkin, Charles Woernle, David L. Parker, Donald Forthal, Emily
Harris, Francois Dabis, Gary Goldbaum, Gene A. McGrady, George Kent, Helene Gayle,
Henry D Kalter, Janet Arrowsmith, Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, John S. Spika, John
Weems, Lawrence L Sanders, Leroy Hathcock, Lucy Davidson, Michael Linnan, Michael
O’Leary, Michael O’Malley, Richard Pacer, Robert Anda, Robert
Palmer, Rubina Imtiaz, Ruth Sechena, Scott F Wetterhall, Stan Becker, Thomas E.
Novotny, Thomas Horiagon, Thomas Török, William Brinton, William M
Sappenfield, Anonymous (n=9)
Class of 1985 (n=28): Anne Fidler, Consuelo M. Beck-Sague, David
Addiss, David F. Williamson, David M. Allen, Edmond Maes, Gregory W. Heath, Gus
Birkhead, Jonathan Zenilman, Jose E Becerra, L. Duncan Saunders, Laurence Fuortes,
Leigh A Sawyer, Patrick O’Carroll, Perry Smith, Peter R Kerndt, Ray Yip,
Robert Barnes, Robin Biellik, Ronald C. Hershow, Ruth A. Etzel, Thomas B. Cole,
Thomas Sinks, W. Gary Hlady, Wendy Nelson, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 1986 (n=10): Andrew Pavia, Bernard L Nahlen, Edward Telzak,
Karl Klontz, Katrina Hedberg, Mei-Shang Ho, Randall Crom, Thomas Hales, Thomas
Matte, Victoria Wells-Wulsin
Class of 1987 (n=26): Audrey Saftlas, Bernard Moriniere, Bradley A
Woodruff, C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr., Charles Oke, Douglas L Hatch, Edwin Trevathan,
Fern R. Hauck, Harold Lentzner, Irene R Mirkin, Jay Wenger, Jessie Wing, Jou-Fang
Deng, Julie Parsonnet, Karen M. Kaplan, Larry Slutsker, Michael Beller, Patrick
Moore, Ralph T. Bryan, Richard J.Driscoll, Robert Breiman, Roland W Sutter, Sandy
Schwarcz, Stephanie Ostrowski, Thomas T Gilbert
Class of 1988 (n=21): Adelisa L Panlilio, Anthony Suruda, Boris D.
Lushniak, Christine M. Branche, Dale Nordenberg, David R. Johnson, Edward Belongia,
Herschel Lawson, Jean-Claude Desenclos, Jeanne M McDermott, John S. Moran, Kirsten
Waller, Leslie Swygert, Peter Houck, Sherry Baron, Susan Burt, Timothy Mastro,
Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 1989 (n=21): Bob Brewer, Brad Perkins, Bruce Bernard, Dan
Peterson, Ephraim Back, Eric Mintz, Francis X. Riedo, James A Zingeser, Judy F. Lew,
Mary Lou Lindegren, Mary Louise Kamb, Matthew McKenna, Michael Montopoli, Patricia
Schnitzer, Peter Strebel, Robert Froehlke, Steven B Auerbach, Timothy R Cote,
Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 1990 (n=12): Carol Rubin, Caryn Bern, Catherine Janes Staes,
Gregg C Sylvester, James Cheek, Joanna Buffington, Paul Simon, Philip Huang, Robert
Quick, Tom Frieden, Yvonne Boudreau
Class of 1991 (n=16): Ali S Khan, Anthony A Marfin, Aubrey Miller,
Brent Burkholder, Denise Koo, Douglas Hamilton, Elias Durry, James Anthony Gaudino,
Jr, Ken Zangwill, Linda S Lewis, Stefan Wiktor, Stephanie Zaza, Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 1992 (n=15): Alden Henderson, Beth P Bell, Craig B Dalton,
David R. Arday, Francoise F Hamers, Jeff Duchin, Jordan W Tappero, Kathryn E.
Arnold, Les Roberts, Mark A Miller, Nikki Baumrind, Peter N. Wenger, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 1993 (n=25): Alfredo E. Vergara, Andre Weltman, Cynthia G.
Whitney, Dalya Guris, David Espey, David W. Keller, Elizabeth Conlisk, Guillermo
Herrera Taracena, Jane Harman, Jo Hofmann, Kathryn Kirkland, Lisa Danzig, Mathew
Reeves, Peter S Millard, Rita Washko, Roberta A Duhaime, Scott F Dowell, Scott
Fridkin, Scott L. Tomar, Sharon McDonnell, Anonymous (n=5)
Class of 1994 (n=15): Barbara L. Massoudi, Barbara Mahon, Craig
Conover, Eduardo Montana, Judith M. Moore, Lorraine Backer, Maria Pia Sanchez, Mark
Dworkin, Mary E. Brown, Orin Levine, Patrick LF Zuber, Rosalind Carter, Anonymous
(n=3)
Class of 1995 (n=13): Ann R. Thomas, Charles Wells, Chris Van Beneden,
Eric Mouzin, Jenifer Lloyd, Lennox K. Archibald, Michael Landen, Minda Weldon,
Nkuchia M’ikanatha, Rob Lyerla, Seong-Kyu Kang, Anonymous (n=2)
Class of 1996 (n=16): Akiko C Kimura, Cindy M. Weinbaum, Elizabeth
Adams, Holly Ann Williams, Jim Lando, Linda Han, Mark D. Macek, Matthew Kuehnert,
Rodrigo Villar, Roger Shapiro, Sara H. Cody, Shahin Lockman, Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 1997 (n=22): Adam Karpati, Denise J. Jamieson, Douglas T
Fleming, Elena Page, Emily B Kahn, Juan Alonso-Echanove, Kayla F Laserson, Kieran J.
Fogarty, Kyran Quinlan, Laurie Kamimoto, Mayur M. Desai, Naomi Burr, Nino
Khetsuriani, Pauli N. Amornkul, Richard S. Garfein, Rosemary Duffy, Udo Buchholz,
Anonymous (n=5)
Class of 1998 (n=19): Alan H Ramsey, Bryce W. Furness, Ellen Steinberg,
Gérard Krause, Jairam R. Lingappa, Julia Samuelson, Julie Jacobson, Julie
Magri, Kata Chillag, Mary Ellen Simpson, Megan Davies, Montse Soriano-Gabarro,
Sophia Wang, Stephanie L. Sansom, Virginia Roth, Willie J. Parker, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 1999 (n=17): Amy J Khan, Annette Sohn, Bruno Coignard, Denis
Nash, Diana Bensyl, Elizabeth Bancroft, Josefa Rangel, Kristy Murray, Melinda
Wilkins, Sarah Lathrop, Silvia Teran, Sumathi Sivapalasingam, Wolfgang Hladik,
Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 2000 (n=17): Amita Gupta, Beth C Tohill, Brent Lee, Debra M
Feldman, Dennis Kim, Els Mathieu, Gaston Djomand, Kathleen D. Askland, Kevin L.
Winthrop, Lorna E. Thorpe, Pia MacDonald, Rachel Bronzan, Sara Whitehead, Sharon
E.Durousseau, Susan Wootton, Anonymous (n=2)
Class of 2001 (n=23): Alicia Cronquist, Bhrett Lash, Dara Spatz
Friedman, Joseph L. Malone, Joshua D. Jones, Kelly Moore, Kenneth Hilsbos, Kevin
Griffith, Kristina Zierold, Laura N. Broyles, Lisa Pealer, Nicole Smith, Padmini
Srikantiah, Pauline Terebuh, Stephanie Noviello, William Wong, Anonymous (n=7)
Class of 2002 (n=14): Dawn Comstock, E. Claire Newbern, Karen D.
Cowgill, Marci Drees, Melissa A. Marx, Nolan Lee, Sharmila Shetty, Virginia Loo,
Anonymous (n=6)
Class of 2003 (n=19): AB Mendelsohn, Anna M. Likos, Asim A. Jani,
Chung-won Lee, Dawn H Burmeister, Germânia Pinheiro, Laura J Podewils, Lisa
Benaise, Nicole Flowers, Niranjan Bhat, Preethi Pratap, Rose Devasia, Samuel
Mitchell, Tami Zalewski, Thea K Fischer, Vinicius Antao, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2004 (n=24): Andie Newman, Benjamin Tsoi, Carolyn J. Tabak,
David Van Sickle, Eileen Yee, Elizabeth Baraban, Eric Miller, Fatu Forna, Felicia
Lewis, Heather A. Lindstrom, Kathy Kudish, Kathy Ritger, Krishna Jafa, Lora B Davis,
Mark A Malek, Miriam (Lewis) Sabin, N. Neely Kazerouni, Rachel Plotinsky, Richard
Taylor, Sara Russell Rodriguez, Sarita Shah, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2005 (n=20): Deidre Crocker Moore, Eileen Farnon, Eric Stern,
Gita Mirchandani, Hannah Gould, Joshua K Schaffzin, Larry Cohen, Manoj P Menon,
Parmi Suchdev, Sangwoo Tak, Sharon K. Greene, Sucheta J. Doshi, Swati Deshpande,
Thomas Weiser, Anonymous (n=6)
Class of 2006 (n=9): Anandi Sheth, David Blaney, Jennifer R. Verani,
Joan Brunkard, Melissa Van Dyke, Nicholas Walter, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2007 (n=25): Amy Karon, Amy L Boore, David Sugerman, Jenifer
Leaf Jaeger, John Halpin, John M. De Pasquale, Kenneth A. Katz, Matt Hanson, Mitesh
A. Desai, Neha Shah, Nila Dharan, Ning Rosenthal, Rakhee Palekar, Rinn Song, Shahed
Iqbal, Stanley Wei, Anonymous (n=9)
Class of 2008 (n=13): Alicia Siston, Anil Suryaprasad, Cynthia G.
Thomas, Felipe Lobelo, Joseph Cavanaugh, Molly M Lamb, Nagesh Borse, Saumil Doshi,
Sharyn Parks, Soo-Jeong Lee, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2009 (n=28): Agam Rao, Anagha Loharikar, Andrew Medina-Marino,
Chad M. Cox, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Christina Khaokham, Dita Broz, Emily Cartwright,
Erin Murray, Eva Mortensen, James Colborn, Kimberly Mace, Nancy J Williams, Philip
Yi-Chun Lo, Teeb Al-Samarrai, Thomas John Bender, Wade Ivy III, William L. Jeffries
IV, Yenlik Zheteyeva, Anonymous (n=9)
Class of 2010 (n=23): Alejandro Azofeifa, Amy Kolwaite, Andrew
Terranella, Brendan Jackson, Candice Kwan, Dawn McDani, Francisco Meza, Gloria
Anyalechi, Heather Bradley, Katie O’Connor Battey, Melissa Collier, Nancy
Fleischer, Naomi Hudson, Prabhu Gounder, Sara Tartof, Sarah Bennett, Stacie Dunkle,
Sudhir Bunga, Timothy Minniear, Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 2011 (n=18): Camille E. Introcaso, Charlotte Baker, Emily W.
Lankau, Eugene Lam, Genevieve Buser, Joyanna Wendt, Michael Kinzer, Nafisa Ghaji
Ishaku, Niu Tian, Rennatus Mdodo, Sara Auld, Seema Yasmin, Terrence Lo, Thomas
Niederkrotenthaler, Anonymous (n=4)
Class of 2012 (n=20): Abbey Canon, Alicia Demirjian, Anna-Binney
McCague, Anne Purfield, Candice Johnson, Carolyn Sein, Carrie McNeil, Courtney Yuen,
Kaci Hickox, Mandy Stahre, Philip Lederer, Stephanie Salyer, Von Nguyen, Anonymous
(n=7)
Class of 2013 (n=14): Edith Nyakaana Nyangoma, Ikwo Oboho, Jennifer
Hunter, Jessica Adam, Joe Forrester, Jonathan Meiman, Julia Painter, Kimberly
Pringle, Kristen Wendorf, Malini B. DeSilva, Patrick Ayscue, Seung Hee Lee,
Anonymous (n=2)
Class of 2014 (n=28): Amanda Kamali, Amelia Kasper, Christopher Hsu,
Emily Fisher, Godwin Mindra, José Hagan, Karlyn D. Beer, Katie Curran, Mary
A Parham, Monica Adams, Pamela Talley, Rupa Narra, Tasha Stehling-Ariza, Anonymous
(n=15)
Class of 2015 (n=27): Ahmed Kassem, Alice Wang, Anita Sircar, Anna
Yaffee, Asher Rosinger, Ashley Styczynski, Christopher T Lee, Dana NcGuire,
Elisabeth R Krow-Lucal, John Otshudiema, Jonas Hines, Jorge L. Salinas, Lawrence
Purpura, Megumi Itoh, Minesh Shah, Sae-Rom Chae, Saleena Subaiya, Yuri Springer,
Anonymous (n=9)
Class of 2016 (n=26): Amanda Wilkinson, Amy Seitz, Anindita Issa, Betsy
Schroeder, Bhavini Murthy, Blanche Greene-Cramer, Emily Mosites, Eugenie A Poirot,
Jaymin Patel, Kimberly Skrobarcek, Laura D Zambrano, Martha Montgomery, Neil Murthy,
Patrick K Mitchell, Rebecca Laws, Reena Doshi, Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo, Sharon
Tsay, Victoria Hall, Vivian Leung, Anonymous (n=6)
Class of 2017 (n=14): Alison Winstead, Amelia Keaton, Charles Alpren,
Corey Peak, Emily Curren, Erin Moritz, Genevieve Bergeron, Jennifer Collins, Kirsten
Vannice, Pryanka Relan, Roberta Horth, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2018 (n=25): Alexander Wu, Benjamin Hallowell, Eric J. Chow,
Erin Conners, Erin Whitehouse, Guillermo Sanchez, Joann Gruber, Karen Alroy, Kendra
McDow, Kiva Fisher, Philip M Ricks, Radhika Gharpure, Samira Sami, Sean Buono,
Sharon A Greene, Sonal Goyal, Stephanie Kujawski, Steven Rekant, Tristan D.
McPherson, Anonymous (n=6)
Class of 2019 (n=10): Anne Kimball, David Bui, Esther Kukielka, Grace
Vahey, James T. Lee, Maureen Miller, Patrick Dawson, Anonymous (n=3)
Class of 2020 (n=15): Amadea Britton, Amber Kunkel, Caroline Pratt,
Debbie Malden, Emily Schmitt-Matzen, Hannah Rosenblum, Katrin Sadigh, Kimberly
Bonner, Michele Bolduc, Rebecca Hershow, Reed Magleby, Talya Shragai, Anonymous
(n=3).
Footnotes
DISCLAIMER: Signatories to this EIS Open Letter represent individuals expressing their personal opinions which do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization to which they may be affiliated. ■
Contributor Information
Epidemic Intelligence Service Officers Past and Present:
Henry R Shinefield, J Thomas Grayston, Jeramiah A. Barondess, Charles F Federspiel, Harold W. Black, Calvin Kunin, Neal Nathanson, Norman Petersen, Alfonse T Masi, Lauri David Thrupp, Stanley A Plotkin, Stephen J Seligman, André J Nahmias, Alvin Novack, David Schottenfeld, Clark W. Heath, Jr., James Maynard, Lawrence S Cohen, William Elsea, David Rush, Jesse C Arnold, Robert Scholtens, Wiley Mosley, Peter Greenwald, Antone A Medeiros, Arnold Kaufmann, David M Reisler, Morton A Levy, Nicholas H.Wright, Pierce Gardner, Ron Levine, Beryl J. Rosenstein, Eugene J Gangarosa, Eugene R Schiff, George Miller, James L Gale, Joshua Fierer, Read McGehee, Thomas M. Mack, W Michael Cross, Alan Hinman, Alan Leviton, Albert R. Martin, Gordon T. Moore, J. Lyle Conrad, Ralph H. Henderson, Sanford “Ben” Werner, Adolf W. Karchmer, Cyrus Hopkins, Edward Shmunes, F Marc LaForce, Marc Gurwith, Noah Klein, Robert J Latta, Robert S. Lawrence, Sheldon Greenfield, Steven A. Schroeder, Thomas Vernon, William Schaffner, Burton Golub, David W Vastine, F. Douglas Scutchfield, Glenn Haughie, Herbert DuPont, Joel L Nitzkin, Joel P Friedman, John P. Burke, Kenneth Quickel, Lawrence P Levitt, Michael C. Sinclair, Ronald W O’Connor, Stephen C Schoenbaum, Thomas C Cesario, Thomas C Shope, Barth Reller, Benedict Archer, David R. Perera, Godfrey Oakley, John A Bryan, Richard Rothenberg, Robert L. Owen, Roger Rochat, Spotswood L. Spruance, Allen Peters, Arthur Dover, Bernhoff A Dahl, Dennis G Maki, Edgar K Marcuse, James B. Kahn, John McGowan, Marshall D. Fox, Michael W Rosen, Paul A. Blake, Philip D. Darney, Robert J. Melton, Ronald Hattis, Russell W. Currier, T. Stephen Jones, Warner Tillack, Andrew T Taylor, Claude T.H. Friedmann, Dennis O’Connor, Douglas H. Huber, Franklyn N. Judson, George Jackson, Gerald Faich, Jeffrey Rosenstock, Lawrence E. Klock, Philip J. Landrigan, Stephen Gehlbach, Steven H. Lamm, Frederick Trowbridge, Gary S Berger, James Lindsey, Michael A. Gross, Paul L Steer, Philip C. Craven, Richard A. Kaslow, Roscoe M Moore, Jr., Stanley Music, Bernard Guyer, Cary L Young, David Rimland, Henry Kahn, James S. Koopman, Jeffrey Koplan, Kenneth M. Boyer, Sankey Williams, Barry Levy, C. Fordham von Reyn, Cornelis Kolff, Frederick Connell, Jack Nissim, James M. Hughes, Jason Weisfeld, John R. Burk, Joseph B. McCormick, Robert J. Biggar, Robert L. Rosenberg, Robert Maulitz, Robert W. Haley, Winthrop A. Burr, Wynn H. Hemmert, Alan G. Barbour, Andrew G Dean, Charles Hoke, Dennis Schaberg, Edward L. Baker, Grace Emori-Elder, Grayson B. Miller, Jr., Jay A. Jacobson, John C Harris, Kenneth E Powell, Marcus A. Horwitz, Mark L. Rosenberg, Mary Guinan, Michael R Jennings, Morris Potter, Peter K. Shaw, Steven Solter, Walter Orenstein, Douglas M Shasby, Gregory A Filice, Gregory Hayden, Harold S. Margolis, James W Stratton, Joel Greenspan, John Middaugh, Mark Oberle, Neal Halsey, Philip J Rettig, Richard J Jackson, Richard OBrien, Steve Englender, William Halperin, Brian J. McCarthy, Cathryn L Samples, Charles F. Lovell, Jr., Dale L. Morse, David M Morens, Diana Petitti, Gregory Storch, Henry Retailliau, Joel G Breman, Joel I Ward, Marshall F. Goldberg, Mitchell Cohen, Philip Graitcer, Philip R Taylor, Robert Gunn, Thomas M. Hooton, William Terranova, Alan Engelberg, Ann M Kimball, Charles E. Haley, Claire Broome, David B Nelson, Harold Huntley Hardison, Herbert W Clegg, José G. Rigau, Julian Gold, Larry Anderson, Lawrence J. D’Angelo, Marc Filstein, Randall Reves, Richard Hopkins, Richard Vogt, Stephen C. Hadler, Steven Teutsch, Wesley Earl Jones, William D Goldman, Albert C. England, III, Andrew A Vernon, Dorine G. Kramer, Jeffrey D Band, Karen Starko, Mark W. Kehrberg, Patrick A. Robinson, Richard E Hoffman, Roger Bernier, Thad Woodard, William N Hall, Arthur Reingold, J. Glenn Morris, Jr., John M. Kobayashi, Marie R Griffin, Mark A.Kane, Martin J Blaser, Mitchell Carl, Paul Bartlett, Peter Katona, Ron Waldman, William Heyward, Alan B Bloch, Charles Ryan, Loreen A. Herwaldt, Nancy Binkin, Stephen L Hines, Stephen Sepe, Steven D Helgerson, Steven Wassilak, Bess Miller, Bruce S. Klein, Carol Tacket, George T DiFerdinando, Jr., Harold W. Jaffe, Harry W. Haverkos, Ira Schwartz, Jai Narain, Jeffrey R Harris, Joe Mulinare, Joel Kuritsky, Kathleen Gensheimer, Kevin O’Reilly, Lee W Riley, Lorence T Kircher, Martha Rogers, Michael D. Malison, Michael J Hodgson, Miriam Alter, Nancy C. Lee, Pauline Thomas, Robert Berry, Steven L Solomon, Suzanne R Jenkins, Wallace Alward, Barry P Chaiken, David McAuley, Edith R. Welty, Edith Welty, Frank Richards, George W. Rutherford, Gib Parrish, Gordon Smith, Kyle Steenland, Laurene Mascola, Lawrence D. Budnick, Mark Finch, Patrick Remington, Paul A Stehr-Green, Paul Garbe, Rand Stoneburner, Robert Gaynes, Stephen Cochi, Thomas Welty, Adele Franks, Cynthia J. Berg, David Fleming, David T. Dennis, Kenneth Castro, Kristine Moore, Marguerite Pappaioanou, Marta Gwinn, Millicent Eidson, Nancy Stroup, Paul Seligman, Peter D Lichty, Richard Ehrenberg, Rob McConnell, Robert P. Wise, Alan M Rauch, Alvaro Garza, Andrew Ghio, Charles Guest, Charles Rabkin, Charles Woernle, David L. Parker, Donald Forthal, Emily Harris, Francois Dabis, Gary Goldbaum, Gene A. McGrady, George Kent, Helene Gayle, Henry D Kalter, Janet Arrowsmith, Jeanette K. Stehr-Green, John S. Spika, John Weems, Lawrence L Sanders, Leroy Hathcock, Lucy Davidson, Michael Linnan, Michael O’Leary, Michael O’Malley, Richard Pacer, Robert Anda, Robert Palmer, Rubina Imtiaz, Ruth Sechena, Scott F Wetterhall, Stan Becker, Thomas E. Novotny, Thomas Horiagon, Thomas Török, William Brinton, William M Sappenfield, Anne Fidler, Consuelo M. Beck-Sague, David Addiss, David F. Williamson, David M. Allen, Edmond Maes, Gregory W. Heath, Gus Birkhead, Jonathan Zenilman, Jose E Becerra, L. Duncan Saunders, Laurence Fuortes, Leigh A Sawyer, Patrick O’Carroll, Perry Smith, Peter R Kerndt, Ray Yip, Robert Barnes, Robin Biellik, Ronald C. Hershow, Ruth A. Etzel, Thomas B. Cole, Thomas Sinks, W. Gary Hlady, Wendy Nelson, Andrew Pavia, Bernard L Nahlen, Edward Telzak, Karl Klontz, Katrina Hedberg, Mei-Shang Ho, Randall Crom, Thomas Hales, Thomas Matte, Victoria Wells-Wulsin, Audrey Saftlas, Bernard Moriniere, Bradley A Woodruff, C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr., Charles Oke, Douglas L Hatch, Edwin Trevathan, Fern R. Hauck, Harold Lentzner, Irene R Mirkin, Jay Wenger, Jessie Wing, Jou-Fang Deng, Julie Parsonnet, Karen M. Kaplan, Larry Slutsker, Michael Beller, Patrick Moore, Ralph T. Bryan, Richard J.Driscoll, Robert Breiman, Roland W Sutter, Sandy Schwarcz, Stephanie Ostrowski, Thomas T Gilbert, Adelisa L Panlilio, Anthony Suruda, Boris D. Lushniak, Christine M. Branche, Dale Nordenberg, David R. Johnson, Edward Belongia, Herschel Lawson, Jean-Claude Desenclos, Jeanne M McDermott, John S. Moran, Kirsten Waller, Leslie Swygert, Peter Houck, Sherry Baron, Susan Burt, Timothy Mastro, Bob Brewer, Brad Perkins, Bruce Bernard, Dan Peterson, Ephraim Back, Eric Mintz, Francis X. Riedo, James A Zingeser, Judy F. Lew, Mary Lou Lindegren, Mary Louise Kamb, Matthew McKenna, Michael Montopoli, Patricia Schnitzer, Peter Strebel, Robert Froehlke, Steven B Auerbach, Timothy R Cote, Carol Rubin, Caryn Bern, Catherine Janes Staes, Gregg C Sylvester, James Cheek, Joanna Buffington, Paul Simon, Philip Huang, Robert Quick, Tom Frieden, Yvonne Boudreau, Ali S Khan, Anthony A Marfin, Aubrey Miller, Brent Burkholder, Denise Koo, Douglas Hamilton, Elias Durry, James Anthony Gaudino, Jr., Ken Zangwill, Linda S Lewis, Stefan Wiktor, Stephanie Zaza, Alden Henderson, Beth P Bell, Craig B Dalton, David R. Arday, Francoise F Hamers, Jeff Duchin, Jordan W Tappero, Kathryn E. Arnold, Les Roberts, Mark A Miller, Nikki Baumrind, Peter N. Wenger, Alfredo E. Vergara, Andre Weltman, Cynthia G. Whitney, Dalya Guris, David Espey, David W. Keller, Elizabeth Conlisk, Guillermo Herrera Taracena, Jane Harman, Jo Hofmann, Kathryn Kirkland, Lisa Danzig, Mathew Reeves, Peter S Millard, Rita Washko, Roberta A Duhaime, Scott F Dowell, Scott Fridkin, Scott L. Tomar, Sharon McDonnell, Barbara L. Massoudi, Barbara Mahon, Craig Conover, Eduardo Montana, Judith M. Moore, Lorraine Backer, Maria Pia Sanchez, Mark Dworkin, Mary E. Brown, Orin Levine, Patrick LF Zuber, Rosalind Carter, Ann R. Thomas, Charles Wells, Chris Van Beneden, Eric Mouzin, Jenifer Lloyd, Lennox K. Archibald, Michael Landen, Minda Weldon, Nkuchia M’ikanatha, Rob Lyerla, Seong-Kyu Kang, Akiko C Kimura, Cindy M. Weinbaum, Elizabeth Adams, Holly Ann Williams, Jim Lando, Linda Han, Mark D. Macek, Matthew Kuehnert, Rodrigo Villar, Roger Shapiro, Sara H. Cody, Shahin Lockman, Adam Karpati, Denise J. Jamieson, Douglas T Fleming, Elena Page, Emily B Kahn, Juan Alonso-Echanove, Kayla F Laserson, Kieran J. Fogarty, Kyran Quinlan, Laurie Kamimoto, Mayur M. Desai, Naomi Burr, Nino Khetsuriani, Pauli N. Amornkul, Richard S. Garfein, Rosemary Duffy, Udo Buchholz, Alan H Ramsey, Bryce W. Furness, Ellen Steinberg, Gérard Krause, Jairam R. Lingappa, Julia Samuelson, Julie Jacobson, Julie Magri, Kata Chillag, Mary Ellen Simpson, Megan Davies, Montse Soriano-Gabarro, Sophia Wang, Stephanie L. Sansom, Virginia Roth, Willie J. Parker, Amy J Khan, Annette Sohn, Bruno Coignard, Denis Nash, Diana Bensyl, Elizabeth Bancroft, Josefa Rangel, Kristy Murray, Melinda Wilkins, Sarah Lathrop, Silvia Teran, Sumathi Sivapalasingam, Wolfgang Hladik, Amita Gupta, Beth C Tohill, Brent Lee, Debra M Feldman, Dennis Kim, Els Mathieu, Gaston Djomand, Kathleen D. Askland, Kevin L. Winthrop, Lorna E. Thorpe, Pia MacDonald, Rachel Bronzan, Sara Whitehead, Sharon E.Durousseau, Susan Wootton, Alicia Cronquist, Bhrett Lash, Dara Spatz Friedman, Joseph L. Malone, Joshua D. Jones, Kelly Moore, Kenneth Hilsbos, Kevin Griffith, Kristina Zierold, Laura N. Broyles, Lisa Pealer, Nicole Smith, Padmini Srikantiah, Pauline Terebuh, Stephanie Noviello, William Wong, Dawn Comstock, E. Claire Newbern, Karen D. Cowgill, Marci Drees, Melissa A. Marx, Nolan Lee, Sharmila Shetty, Virginia Loo, AB Mendelsohn, Anna M. Likos, Asim A. Jani, Chung-won Lee, Dawn H Burmeister, Germânia Pinheiro, Laura J Podewils, Lisa Benaise, Nicole Flowers, Niranjan Bhat, Preethi Pratap, Rose Devasia, Samuel Mitchell, Tami Zalewski, Thea K Fischer, Vinicius Antao, Andie Newman, Benjamin Tsoi, Carolyn J. Tabak, David Van Sickle, Eileen Yee, Elizabeth Baraban, Eric Miller, Fatu Forna, Felicia Lewis, Heather A. Lindstrom, Kathy Kudish, Kathy Ritger, Krishna Jafa, Lora B Davis, Mark A Malek, Miriam (Lewis) Sabin, N. Neely Kazerouni, Rachel Plotinsky, Richard Taylor, Sara Russell Rodriguez, Sarita Shah, Deidre Crocker Moore, Eileen Farnon, Eric Stern, Gita Mirchandani, Hannah Gould, Joshua K Schaffzin, Larry Cohen, Manoj P Menon, Parmi Suchdev, Sangwoo Tak, Sharon K. Greene, Sucheta J. Doshi, Swati Deshpande, Thomas Weiser, Anandi Sheth, David Blaney, Jennifer R. Verani, Joan Brunkard, Melissa Van Dyke, Nicholas Walter, Amy Karon, Amy L Boore, David Sugerman, Jenifer Leaf Jaeger, John Halpin, John M. De Pasquale, Kenneth A. Katz, Matt Hanson, Mitesh A. Desai, Neha Shah, Nila Dharan, Ning Rosenthal, Rakhee Palekar, Rinn Song, Shahed Iqbal, Stanley Wei, Alicia Siston, Anil Suryaprasad, Cynthia G. Thomas, Felipe Lobelo, Joseph Cavanaugh, Molly M Lamb, Nagesh Borse, Saumil Doshi, Sharyn Parks, Soo-Jeong Lee, Agam Rao, Anagha Loharikar, Andrew Medina-Marino, Chad M. Cox, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Christina Khaokham, Dita Broz, Emily Cartwright, Erin Murray, Eva Mortensen, James Colborn, Kimberly Mace, Nancy J Williams, Philip Yi-Chun Lo, Teeb Al-Samarrai, Thomas John Bender, Wade Ivy, Jr., William L. Jeffries IV, Yenlik Zheteyeva, Alejandro Azofeifa, Amy Kolwaite, Andrew Terranella, Brendan Jackson, Candice Kwan, Dawn McDani, Francisco Meza, Gloria Anyalechi, Heather Bradley, Katie O’Connor Battey, Melissa Collier, Nancy Fleischer, Naomi Hudson, Prabhu Gounder, Sara Tartof, Sarah Bennett, Stacie Dunkle, Sudhir Bunga, Timothy Minniear, Camille E. Introcaso, Charlotte Baker, Emily W. Lankau, Eugene Lam, Genevieve Buser, Joyanna Wendt, Michael Kinzer, Nafisa Ghaji Ishaku, Niu Tian, Rennatus Mdodo, Sara Auld, Seema Yasmin, Terrence Lo, Thomas Niederkrotenthaler, Abbey Canon, Alicia Demirjian, Anna-Binney McCague, Anne Purfield, Candice Johnson, Carolyn Sein, Carrie McNeil, Courtney Yuen, Kaci Hickox, Mandy Stahre, Philip Lederer, Stephanie Salyer, Von Nguyen, Edith Nyakaana Nyangoma, Ikwo Oboho, Jennifer Hunter, Jessica Adam, Joe Forrester, Jonathan Meiman, Julia Painter, Kimberly Pringle, Kristen Wendorf, Malini B. DeSilva, Patrick Ayscue, Seung Hee Lee, Amanda Kamali, Amelia Kasper, Christopher Hsu, Emily Fisher, Godwin Mindra, José Hagan, Karlyn D. Beer, Katie Curran, Mary A Parham, Monica Adams, Pamela Talley, Rupa Narra, Tasha Stehling-Ariza, Ahmed Kassem, Alice Wang, Anita Sircar, Anna Yaffee, Asher Rosinger, Ashley Styczynski, Christopher T Lee, Dana NcGuire, Elisabeth R Krow-Lucal, John Otshudiema, Jonas Hines, Jorge L. Salinas, Lawrence Purpura, Megumi Itoh, Minesh Shah, Sae-Rom Chae, Saleena Subaiya, Yuri Springer, Amanda Wilkinson, Amy Seitz, Anindita Issa, Betsy Schroeder, Bhavini Murthy, Blanche Greene-Cramer, Emily Mosites, Eugenie A Poirot, Jaymin Patel, Kimberly Skrobarcek, Laura D Zambrano, Martha Montgomery, Neil Murthy, Patrick K Mitchell, Rebecca Laws, Reena Doshi, Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo, Sharon Tsay, Victoria Hall, Vivian Leung, Alison Winstead, Amelia Keaton, Charles Alpren, Corey Peak, Emily Curren, Erin Moritz, Genevieve Bergeron, Jennifer Collins, Kirsten Vannice, Pryanka Relan, Roberta Horth, Alexander Wu, Benjamin Hallowell, Eric J. Chow, Erin Conners, Erin Whitehouse, Guillermo Sanchez, Joann Gruber, Karen Alroy, Kendra McDow, Kiva Fisher, Philip M Ricks, Radhika Gharpure, Samira Sami, Sean Buono, Sharon A Greene, Sonal Goyal, Stephanie Kujawski, Steven Rekant, Tristan D. McPherson, Anne Kimball, David Bui, Esther Kukielka, Grace Vahey, James T. Lee, Maureen Miller, Patrick Dawson, Amadea Britton, Amber Kunkel, Caroline Pratt, Debbie Malden, Emily Schmitt-Matzen, Hannah Rosenblum, Katrin Sadigh, Kimberly Bonner, Michele Bolduc, Rebecca Hershow, Reed Magleby, Talya Shragai, and Anonymous (N=177)