Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hawk moth, Theretra oldenlandiae. The complete mitogenome sequence of T. oldenlandiae was observed to be a circular molecule 15,312 bp long and consisting of 13 protein-coding genes (PCG), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes (GenBank accession number MN885801). The nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (80.0% A + T). The A + T-rich region was found between rrnS and trnM, and this entire region was 423 bp long.
Keywords: Mitogenome, mtDNA, phylogenetic relationship
The hawk moth, Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius) is distributed in southern and eastern Asia, and is an important insect pest that feeds on agricultural crops and ornamental plants (Sambath 2011; Rafi et al. 2014; Rougerie et al. 2014). Despite its economic importance, the mitogenome sequence of T. oldenlandiae so far remains unknown. Therefore, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA genome of T. oldenlandiae to provide more comprehensive data for this species and also for its relationship within the family Sphingidae.
Larva of T. oldenlandiae was collected from the campus of Anhui Normal University (N31°20′9.37′′ and E118°22′9.14′′), Anhui, China in August 2019 and deposited in the Entomological Museum, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University (AHNU) under the accession no. AHWH20190322. The complete mitochondrial genome of T. oldenlandiae was determined by using next-generation sequencing (NGS).
The T. oldenlandiae mitochondrial genome is 15,312 bp (GenBank accession MN885801) in length with a total A + T content of 80.0% that is heavily biased toward the A and T nucleotides. It encodes the complete set of 37 genes, which are usually found in animal mitogenomes. In the mitogenome of T. oldenlandiae, a total of 26 bp overlaps have been found at nine gene junctions. The mitogenome is loose and has a total of 131 bp intergenic sequences without the putative A + T-rich region. The intergenic sequences are at 12 locations ranging from 1 to 54 bp, with the longest one located between trnQ and nad2. The A + T-rich region of the T. oldenlandiae is 423 bp long and located between the rrnS and trnM genes. The A + T content of this region is 95.5%.
All 22 tRNA genes usually found in the mitogenomes of insects are present in T. oldenlandiae. The nucleotide length of tRNA genes ranges from 64 bp (trnC) to 71 bp (trnK), and A + T content ranges from 70.4% (trnK) to 92.5% (trnE). These two rRNA genes have been identified on the N-strand in the T. oldenlandiae mitogenome.
We analyzed the nucleotide sequences of PCGs using the maximum-likelihood (ML) method to understand the phylogenetic relationship of T. oldenlandiae with other Sphingids. The mitogenome sequence of Saturnia boisduvalii (GenBank accession number MF034742) was used as an outgroup. The result shows that T. oldenlandiae belongs to the family Sphingidae and is clustered into a branch of Theretra (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
The maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree of Theretra oldenlandiae and other Sphingids. The numbers beside the nodes are percentages of 1000 bootstrap values. Alphanumeric terms indicate the GenBank accession numbers.
Funding Statement
This study was supported by the Natural Science Fund of Anhui Province [1908085QC93].
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
References
- Rafi MA, Sultan A, Kitching IJ, Pittaway AR, Markhasiov M, Khan MR, Naz F. 2014. The hawkmoth fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Zootaxa. 3794(3):393–418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rougerie R, Kitching IJ, Haxaire J, Miller SE, Hausmann A, Hebert PD. 2014. Australian Sphingidae-DNA barcodes challenge current species boundaries and distributions. PLoS One. 9(7):e101108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sambath S. 2011. Studies on the sphingid fauna (Lepidoptera: Heterocera: Sphingidae) of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand. Rec Zool Surv India. 111:25–30. [Google Scholar]