Figure 1.

All-Optical Manipulation of Place Cells during Spatial Navigation in Virtual Reality

(A) Schematic of head-fixed virtual reality setup and microscope design.

(B) Example imaging field of view from CA1 stratum pyramidale showing neurons co-expressing GCaMP6f and C1V1.

(C) Side-on view of the virtual reality linear track with start zone, reward zone, and stimulation point and schematic of the session structure.

(D) Average lick-rate distribution across virtual space for the two behavioral epochs on no-stimulation days (n = 9 mice).

(E) Average running speed distribution across virtual space for the two behavioral epochs on no-stimulation days.

(F) Five simultaneously recorded place cells with ΔF/F traces across virtual space and ΔF/F heat plots across trials.

(G) All place cells recorded from an example baseline epoch on a stimulation day and average ΔF/F across space for each neuron and ordered by peak location on the track.

(H) Example photostimulation-targeted responsive neurons; black line shows photostimulus-triggered average response, and gray traces show individual trials; the two peaks correspond to the two 100 ms photostimulations of the cell.

(I) Number of responsive neurons in Start-PC, Reward-PC, and Non-PC stimulation sessions where a single ensemble type was targeted for stimulation.

^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗∗p < 0.0005; all error bars show SEM.

See also Figures S1 and S2.