An academic researcher’s frenetic life sounds relaxing to Jose-Luis Jimenez these days. Since March, the analytical and atmospheric chemist at the University of Colorado Boulder has worked nonstop, urging the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to acknowledge that airborne aerosols play an important role in transmitting COVID-19. He’s one of 239 experts in multiple scientific fields who in July signed an open letter to the agencies. The CDC has since updated its stance, stating that inhalation is the main mode of transmission of the novel coronavirus, which causes COVID-19. As of ACS Central Science’s deadline, the WHO’s guidance still suggests a minor role for aerosols.
Credit: Courtesy of Jose-Luis Jimenez.
To Jimenez, the CDC’s update was a long time coming, and the WHO’s position is a start but not enough. So he has gone directly to the public, explaining in interviews and written opinion pieces in English and Spanish how people can protect themselves. So many people have asked him for advice on social media that he and his collaborators created a public Google Doc with frequently asked questions.
Carmen Drahl squeezed into an empty spot on Jimenez’s packed calendar to ask about aerosol chemistry, COVID-19, and being a reluctant interviewee. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
What defines an aerosol versus a droplet, and what difference does it make for infection?
From the point of view of infectious disease transmission, an aerosol is a particle of saliva or respiratory fluid that floats in the air and that infects us when we breathe it in. That’s different from a droplet, which is a projectile that infects by hitting us on the eyes, nostrils, or mouth. People generate particles of many sizes when they cough, talk, or sing. When we talk, particles above about 300 μm are droplets because they have enough inertia to do this projectile-like ballistic impaction. When coughing or sneezing, we exhale more forcefully, so smaller particles may act like droplets, and in those situations 100 μm may be a better threshold. Particles larger than that can impact like a droplet. At 100 μm in diameter and below, the particles are aerosols and they can only infect by inhalation.
You usually investigate aerosols in Earth’s atmosphere. How did you become part of a COVID-19 project?
I was worried, like everyone else. I saw that COVID-19 wasn’t being controlled. I saw it was arriving in Spain, where I’m from. When I was telling my family to wear masks early on, they thought I was crazy. They seemed to think, “What do you know? You’re an atmospheric chemist.”
In parallel, I was talking to other scientists. I started talking to Linsey Marr at Virginia Tech, with whom I’ve worked on pollution but who I knew was also working on aerosol transmission of viruses. I asked her, “Do you think COVID-19 could be transmitted through the air?” She said, “Yes, I think so.”
Then, on March 28, the WHO posted a graphic to its official accounts on social media saying, “#COVID-19 is NOT airborne” and “Help stop misinformation.” On March 31, Lidia Morawska at Queensland University of Technology wrote to me and asked if I wanted to join a group of scientists she was leading to appeal to the WHO about the importance of airborne spread. So I said, “Yes, of course.” And then I started learning much faster because this group has many of the world leaders in aerosol transmission of disease.
What did you have to learn? How does studying atmospheric aerosols differ from studying human-generated aerosols?
The aerosol part is very much the same. How they behave in the air, all the tools we use to study them, and the mathematical models that we use—those are the same. The part I didn’t know is the infection part. How many viruses are inside the aerosol? How do they infect? How long will they survive in aerosols? That’s hard to learn on your own. Basically, I’ve done a master’s—on steroids—through this group. We’ve had hours of discussions about every question that comes up. I wouldn’t say I’m an expert in the infection part, but I’m knowledgeable enough.
What other chemistry knowledge is valuable for understanding COVID-19 transmission?
Understanding atmospheric chemistry, including gases and aerosols, is extremely useful. Once you accept that the virus is in the air, you can use this science to ask what would happen in a certain situation. Understanding how these aerosols gain or lose water, how exposure to oxidants or ultraviolet light may damage the virus’s molecules and make it noninfective, is all very useful. We have written mathematical models of how aerosols containing the virus behave in a room.
How are you adjusting to doing constant science communication alongside your research?
It’s a pain. I’m an introvert. I am not someone who seeks the limelight or enjoys being so public. But I feel it’s a civic duty. I am convinced that this disease is transmitted mostly through aerosols and that governments and the WHO are not giving people the tools or the explanations they need to protect themselves.
University of California, Santa Barbara, communication Ph.D. student America L. Edwards created infographics from Jose-Luis Jimenez’s messaging about how people can better protect themselves from aerosol transmission of COVID-19. Credit: America L. Edwards/University of California, Santa Barbara.
How do you envision the future of your research, postpandemic? Is its direction forever shifted?
I have to see how useful we would be. There are many good researchers already in the field of airborne disease transmission. I think my group has found some areas such as the use of carbon dioxide as an indicator of infection risk where we have already contributed. If we can get funding, some fraction of our activity may be in transmission of diseases.
I will definitely continue studying the atmosphere because—crazy as this may sound now—climate change is a bigger problem than COVID. COVID will pass. Climate change will get worse and be with us forever.
Carmen Drahl is a freelance contributor to
Chemical & Engineering News, the weekly newsmagazine of the American Chemical Society.
In collaboration with C&EN.