Table 4.
Clinical studies and reported specific benefits to human health—Microbial antagonism.
| Probiotic Microorganisms | Main Results—Microbial Antagonism | References |
|---|---|---|
| Antifungal activity | ||
| Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4495, Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496 | Significant antifungal activity. | [135] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum | Probiotic strains have the potential to reduce enteral fungal colonization and decrease invasive fungal sepsis rates in low–birth-weight neonates. | [136] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 | L. acidophilus produced substances with anti-Candida activity, reducing its growth by 45.1%. | [137] |
| Lactobacillus buchneri | Antagonistic potential against Candida albicans | [131] |
| Eradication of Helicobacter | ||
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | Inhibition of the growth of Helicobacter pylori (by 64% in the probiotic group and by 33% in the control). | [138] |
| Pediococcus acidilactici BA28 | Significant rates of elimination of H. pylori infections. | [139] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY 2013 | Preventive effects against H. pylori. | [140] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis | A significant efficacy in H. pylori eradication. | [141] |
| Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C | Inhibition of the function of H. pylori by regulating the immune system. | [142] |
| Antimicrobial activity | ||
| Lactobacillus acidophillus | Antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes | [143] |
| Lactobacillus casei | Antagonistic potential against Cronobacter sakazakii, Cl. jejuni and L. monocytogenes | [143] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Microbial antagonism against Salmonella enteritidis, Cr. sakazakii, Cl. jejuni, L. monocytogenes and E. coli | [143] |
| Lactobacillus lactis | Antimicrobial activity against S. enteritidis, Cr. sakazakii, Cl. jejuni, L. monocytogenes and E. coli | [143] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum | Antagonistic activity against Cr. sakazakii, Cl. jejuni, L. monocytogenes and E. coli | [143] |
| Lactobacillus salivarius | Antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, St. mutans, Candida albicans, Cr. sakazakii and Cl. Jejuni | [143,144] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Microbial antagonism against S. enteritidis, Cr. sakazakii, Cl. jejuni, L. monocytogenes, E. coli and Clostridium difficile | [143,145] |
| Weissella cibaria and Weissella koreensis | Antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, E. coli and Salmonella spp. | [84] |
| LAB | Effective against Salmonella enterica ver. Typhimurium, Rota viral infections and Clostridium difficile diarrhea | [145] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | E. coli and Listeria innocua inhibition effects | [116] |