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. 2020 Dec 10;9(12):2650. doi: 10.3390/cells9122650

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Structure of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB consists of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, a basement membrane (BM), and astrocyte endfeet. Cellular components are integrated with many adhesive molecules and are functionally regulated by ligand–receptor systems. The major factors are drawn in this figure. Ang: angiopoietin; BM: basement membrane; MMP-9: matrix metallo proteinase-9; PECAM-1: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; PDGF-B: platelet-derived growth factor-B; PDGFRb: platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta; TGF-b: transforming growth factor-b; TGFbR2: Transforming growth factor-b receptor 2; VE-cadherin: vascular endothelial cadherin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.