Table 5.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of lung cancer risk by adherence to the dietary patterns in smokers.
| Adherence to the Dietary Pattern | Moderate Smoker (n = 252) | Heavy Smoker (n = 132) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude Model | p | Adjusted Model | p | Crude Model | p | Adjusted Model | p | |
| Prudent | ||||||||
| lower (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| moderate | 0.67 (0.37; 1.21) | 0.2579 | 0.68 (0.34; 1.34) | 0.2579 | 0.80 (0.34; 1.90) | 0.6226 | 0.82 (0.30; 2.26) | 0.6958 |
| higher | 0.51 (0.37; 0.71) | < 0.0001 | 0.59 (0.39; 0.90) | 0.0154 | 0.88 (0.57; 1.37) | 0.5758 | 1.10 (0.64; 1.88) | 0.7187 |
| Westernized Traditional | ||||||||
| lower (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| moderate | 1.09 (0.59; 2.00) | 0.8320 | 0.92 (0.43; 1.96) | 0.8320 | 0.95 (0.40; 2.33) | 0.9147 | 0.79 (0.28; 2.27) | 0.6574 |
| higher | 1.03 (0.76; 1.40) | 0.8131 | 0.95 (0.65; 1.40) | 0.8131 | 0.77 (050; 1.21) | 0.2505 | 0.69 (0.40; 1.19) | 0.1495 |
| Sweet Dairy | ||||||||
| lower (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| moderate | 0.96 (0.53; 1.76) | 0.5139 | 0.78 (0.38; 1.64) | 0.5139 | 0.68 (0.27; 1.69) | 0.3944 | 0.49 (0.16; 1.46) | 0.1496 |
| higher | 1.14 (0.84;1.56) | 0.8109 | 1.05 (0.72; 1.51) | 0.8109 | 0.98 (0.64; 1.50) | 0.9244 | 0.92 (0.56; 1.50) | 0.7999 |
| Polish–aMED score | ||||||||
| low (0–3 points; ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| moderate (4–6 points) | 0.40 (0.23; 0.68) | 0.0007 | 0.35 (0.18; 0.65) | 0.0010 | 0.71 (0.34; 1.46) | 0.3462 | 0.64 (0.27; 1.55) | 0.2485 |
| high (7–9 points) | 0.28 (0.13; 0.61) | 0.0010 | 0.34 (0.15; 0.76) | 0.0079 | 0.77 (0.90; 0.44) | 0.7692 | 1.17 (0.53; 2.61) | 0.3462 |
Ref.—reference category; Polish-aMEDscore—Polish-adapted Mediterranean diet score (range of points: 0–9); moderate smoker—smoker who smoked 2.5 to 11 pack-years; heavy smoker—smoker who smoked more than 11 pack-years; p—the level of significance assessed by Wald’s test; adjusted model for: age (categories), BMI (categories), socioeconomic status (low, average, high), overall physical activity (low, moderate, high), the occurrence of lung cancer in relatives (yes, no, I do not know), and occupational exposure in the workplace (yes, no); reference category in the PCA: never smoker in controls.