Figure 2.

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE) manipulate cardiovascular diseases and lipid metabolism caused by ROS under these genes or factors’ regulation. From left to right: ROS, reactive oxygen species; ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2; IL-6, interleukin-6; Jak2, janus kinase 2; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription; cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipases A2; FOXO1, forkhead Box O1; mTOR/p-mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase/phosphorylated mTOR; LC3A/B, autophagy marker light chain 3A/B; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; Akt, protein kinase B; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β;SREBP, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; Bax, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; Bcl-2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator; PERK, pancreatic eIF-2α kinase; eIF-2α, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitrate oxide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; SOD, superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; ABCA1/ABCG1, ATP-binding cassette transporter-1/ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCA1/ABCG1).