Protective Effect of S-Allyl Cysteine Against Neonatal Asthmatic Rats

Li Jiang; Yuning Li; Fang Wang; Xindao Zhang; Ruiping Zhao

doi:10.1177/1559325820982189

. 2020 Dec 24;18(4):1559325820982189. doi: 10.1177/1559325820982189

Protective Effect of S-Allyl Cysteine Against Neonatal Asthmatic Rats

Li Jiang ^1,^✉, Yuning Li ¹, Fang Wang ¹, Xindao Zhang ¹, Ruiping Zhao ¹

PMCID: PMC7768841 PMID: 33488313

Abstract

S-Allyl cysteine (SAC), an organic compound and a natural constituent of Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic have been consumed in routine foods are known to possess various biological activities. Nevertheless, scientific evidence on the protective effect of SAC against neonatal asthmatic rats is not available. Hence, the present study aimed at investigating the anti-asthmatic activity of SAC in neonatal asthmatic rats using Wistar rats. The study conducted in 4 groups consists of normal control rats, asthma-induced, asthma animals administered with SAC (25 mg/kg), and SAC control. At the end of the experimental period, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammatory markers, fibrinogen level, activated partial thromboplastin time, coagulation factor activity, and histopathology were elucidated. The current investigation exhibits that SAC significantly reduced the total leukocytes, with restored fibrinogen level, and activated partial thromboplastin time. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor- α), IL-6 (Interleukin 6), and IL-1β have also attenuated in SAC treated animals. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of COX2 (cyclooxygenase-2), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and eotaxin were reduced in SAC treated animals. Treatment of rats with SAC significantly reduced inflammation and eosinophil infiltration in the lungs. These results suggest that SAC exert protection in neonatal asthmatic rats suffering from acute or chronic inflammation by inducing anti-inflammatory and cell-protective responses.

Keywords: S-allyl cysteine, neonatal asthma, inflammation

Introduction

Asthma is an airway allergic disease caused by various factors in the environment like dust, smoke, and pollen from flowers, other activities of farming and urbanization, genetic factors, and hemostatic imbalance or hyperimmune activity due to infiltration of eosinophils. It is characterized by airway inflammation and structural remodeling.^1-3 People affected by asthma are mostly the poor in developing countries and also children who have an underdeveloped immune system. Asthma is a disease that cannot be cured and have to be continuously monitored and needed continuous intake of medicines.⁴ The time, frequency, and season cannot be predicted, and one has to be prepared for it. The economically weak cannot afford to spend on medicines for long and cannot abstain from their regular daily commercial activity due to asthma-related factors.

Most of the factors that are known and tested for asthma can be grouped into any combination of these factors such as immunological, genetic and environmental conditions. The infiltration of the airway passage with inflammatory cells has been a significant contributor to inflammation in asthma. Eosinophils- supported by IL-13, IL-4 activated CD4+ Th2 cells, contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. Asthma-associated increased mucus secretion in the airway passage and accumulation of it cause wheeze, cough and decreased air intake due to bronchial congestion and discomfort or tightness of the chest. They are, at present, treated with corticosteroids and β-2-agonists in the form of inhalers to reduce the inflammation in the airway and bronchial constriction.^5,6 These corticosteroids have been good at continuous usage, and the patients get the same symptoms after discontinuing the intake, and continuous usage would develop side effects.^7-9 Hence, alternative molecules, preferable from natural sources, to control asthma without side effects and with long-lasting effects are needed.

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic has been used in the food and the traditional medicines of Asia for centuries. It is rich in organosulfur compounds and has immunomodulatory properties, which can be used for health benefits besides its rich flavor and aroma for food preparation. Homoeopathic activities of garlic have been attributed to the aged garlic extracts, of which one of the organosulfur compound, S-allyl cysteine (SAC) has most of the medicinal value with antioxidant properties by scavenging the reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species,¹⁰ increasing antioxidants¹¹ and inhibiting prooxidant enzyme, cyclooxygenase.¹² SAC has a half-life of more than 10h¹³ after oral administration and gets easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.^14-16 Hence, the protective effect of SAC was known to be instant. In the current investigation, the importance of SAC in the context of alleviation of symptoms associated with asthma in neonatal rats was elucidated. The effect of SAC was illuminated from the data on decreasing the release of the inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the airway inflammation and its development to lung fibrosis. We have used the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic animal model to evaluate the use of SAC in the treatment of asthma.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Groups and Induction Model

Rat pups of Wistar strain, 12 days old were used in the present study. All animal research experiments were achieved as per the guidelines provided by the animal ethical committee, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Prior permission was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for the procedures implemented in the present study. The animals were housed in pathogen-free cages kept at the temperature of 20–25°C with 50–70% relative humidity (RH). All rats were fed with clean tap water and commercial rat chow.

In the present study, rat pups were separated into 4 groups (n = 12 in each group) as follows. The normal control group animals were administered with normal saline (NaCl 0.9%) for the sensitization, challenge, and drug-treated procedures instead of the respective treatments in other groups and considered as group 1. The group 2 animals were induced with asthma, for the induction of asthma in neonates, the previous publications were referred with slight modifications.¹⁷ Neonatal rats were sensitized to ovalbumin by inhalation of 0.75% (w/w) ovalbumin dissolved in saline using ultrasonic nebulization for 15 min daily for 45 days. While group 3 animals with asthma co-administered with S-allyl cysteine (50 mg/kg, oral administration), Group 4: S-allyl cysteine control, where the animals were administered with drug alone. At the end of the last ovalbumin challenge, the animals were killed by cervical decapitation, lung tissues were collected for the histological analysis, and blood samples were collected.

Histological Analysis

Lung tissues of control and experimental groups were isolated fixed in 10% formalin solution. The tissues were embedded in paraffin wax, and sections of 5 µm thick slices were made using a microtome and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).

Assessment of Serum and Broncho-Alveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF)

To determine the number of inflammatory cells in the BALF, the cells in the fluid were collected, stained with Wright’s staining, and the differential cell count was estimated using a hemocytometer. On the other hand, the serum level of OVA-specific IgE and levels of nitric oxide (NO) was estimated using commercial ELISA kits as per the manufacturer’s instructions (Wuhan Fine Biotech Co., Ltd., China).

Determination of Blood Coagulation Time and Coagulation Factor Activity

Fibrinogen level (FIB), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and the activity of coagulation factors were determined by standard methods.

Estimation of Inflammatory Cytokines

The assessment of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-13, IL-17, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1β in the serum samples and BALF samples was estimated using commercial ELISA kits as per the manufacturer’s instruction. In addition, estimation of 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and leukotriene B4 were also done using commercial kits (Wuhan Fine Biotech Co., Ltd., China).

Reverse Transcription-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from neonatal lung tissues using TRIzol reagent, and 20 µL total RNA was converted into cDNA using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit. The real-time RT-PCR was done for specific genes using SYBR® Green PCR Kit, and the gene-specific primers used in the present study were listed in Table 1(Eurofins Genomics, Germany). The obtained Ct values were compared to determine the gene expressions by the comparative Ct method (ΔΔCT). The fold increase of the gene of interest was analyzed, keeping GAPDH as a control- house-keeping gene.

Table 1.

Oligonucleotides Used in This Study.

Gene	Primer	Sequence (5’- 3’)	Accession number	Annealing
COX-2	F	CTCAGCCATGCAGCAAATCC	L25925.1	58
COX-2	R	GGGTGGGCTTCAGCAGTAAT		58
MCP-1	F	CTGTAGCATCCACGTGCTGT	M57441.1	57
MCP-1	R	CTCCAGCCGACTCATTGGG		57
IFN-γ	F	ATCCATGAGTGCTACACGCC	NM_138880.2	59
IFN-γ	R	ACCGTCCTTTTGCCAGTTCC		59
MIP-1β	F	GCTGTCAGCACCAATAGGCT	NM_053858.1	59
MIP-1β	R	ACATACTCATTGACCCAGGGC		59
Eotaxin-1	F	GGGGGCAGATGATTCTGAGAC	U96637.1	58
Eotaxin-1	R	GCAACGAGGATGACGGTGAG		58
RANTES	F	GGGGGCAGATGATTCTGAGAC	BC058138.1	58
RANTES	R	GCAACGAGGATGACGGTGAG		58
GAPDH	F	AGTGCCAGCCTCGTCTCATA	NM_017008.4	59
GAPDH	R	GACTGTGCCGTTGAACTTGC		59

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Statistical Analysis

Statistical significance was measured using Graph pad prism software. Differences between the groups with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

In the current investigation, the protective effect of SAC was evaluated in neonatal asthmatic rats. Figure 1 shows the histological analysis of experimental groups revealed that rats induced with asthma displayed the characteristic increase in smooth muscle mass, mucous gland hypertrophy, and vascular congestion compared to control. While rats co-administered with SAC demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in hypertrophy development and smooth muscle mass (Figure 1A). Moreover, the leukocyte influx into BALF elicited a marked increase in the influx; the eosinophils constituted <2.0% of total leukocytes in normal rats while the numbers were as high as 42% with higher levels of total IgE and NO levels compared to control rats. On the other hand, the SAC treatment considerably reduced the level of leukocyte infiltration and NO levels suggesting the protective role of SAC against asthma (Figure 1).

Furthermore, the estimation of PT, TT, APT, and FIB was carried out, and the results were presented in Figure 2. The results demonstrated that a significant reduction in the levels of PT, TT, APT, and FIB was found compared to control. However, these haematological parameters were found to be less affected in SAC treated rats compared to asthmatic animals (Figure 2). On the other hand, subsequent experiments to illuminate the cytokines levels were carried out, and the results are presented in Figure 3. In the current investigation, rats induced asthma demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of cytokines such as TNF-α (p < 0.01), IL-13 (p < 0.05), IL-17 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.01), and IL-1β (p < 0.05) and decreased IL-10 (p < 0.01) compared to control. While these inflammatory cytokines were diminished in SAC co-treatment, point out that SAC actively reduces the signaling of asthma progression is probably through abstaining the inflammatory molecules from getting into the signaling (Figure 3).

Figure 3. — (A-F) represents cytokine expression analysis of TNF-α, IL-13, IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 in the control and experimental group of rats. The experimental details were given in the methodology section. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E (n = 8). Statistical significance expressed as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to vehicle-treated controls, $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01, SAC compared to asthma rats; ns denotes non-significant.

Also, to evaluate the condition of neonatal asthma, the markers of asthma induction such as 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and leukotriene B4 were elucidated using ELISA method. From the above results on serum biochemical markers, the asthma onset was observed. Besides, the results demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the levels of 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and leukotriene B4 levels in the asthma group compared to control. On the other hand, rats had SAC exposure, elicited the decreased levels of these indicator molecules shows SAC exerts protection (Figure 4).

Figure 4. — (A-D) represents the analysis of inflammatory molecules such as 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, cysteinyl leukotrienes and leukotriene B4 in the control and experimental group of rats. The experimental details were given in the methodology section. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E (n = 8). Statistical significance expressed as **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to vehicle-treated controls, $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01 SAC compared to asthma rats; ns denotes non-significant.

To corroborate the role of SAC on the inflection of inflammatory signals, the mRNA levels of cytokines were elucidated about the control gene, and the results were presented in Figure 5. The results demonstrated that a profound increase (p < 0.01) in the mRNA transcript expression of COX-2 (3.2-fold), MCP-1 (2.2-fold), IFN-γ (4-fold), MIP-1β (3.3-fold), Eotaxin-1 (2.6-fold), RANTES (2.8-fold) levels in asthma-induced rats compared to control. However, the increased levels of these chemokines were found reduced in SAC co-treatment indicate the promising role of SAC in exerting protection against neonatal asthma (Figure 5).

Figure 5. — (A-F) represents qRT-PCR mRNA expression analysis of *COX-2, MCP-1, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, Eotaxin-1, RANTES* in control and experimental group of cells. The qRT-PCR experimental details were given in the methodology section. Values are expressed as mean ± S.E (n = 8). Statistical significance expressed as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to vehicle-treated controls, $p < 0.05 SAC compared to asthma rats; ns denotes non-significant.

Discussion

The chronic inflammatory disease, asthma is characterized by increased airway hyperresponsiveness to irritants such as smoke, dust, or other allergens causing wheezing, discomfort in the chest due to difficulty in breathing and mucus accumulation in the airway.¹⁸ The pathophysiology behind these symptoms is due to increased infiltration of mast cells, and eosinophils which cause inflammation in the airway due to activation of these immune cells by allergens. The activated immune cells thus cause an increase in mucus secretion, contributing to these symptoms. In our immuno-histological results, we have shown the severity of the onset of asthma in the OVA-induced asthmatic group, and such infiltration of inflammatory cells is absent, or the effects were less in the SAC-co-administered group. The impact of such a decrease in the infiltration was seen as decreased mucus secretion,^19,20 and the symptoms associated in the aftermath of mucus secretion were also less. SAC relives the alveoli of the animals affected by asthma by decreasing the infiltration of eosinophils and monocytes into them and decreasing the number of goblet cells in the airway that is responsible for mucus secretion.

Infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells into the airways has been the hallmark of asthma. In order to find the extent of onset of inflammation in the OVA-induced asthmatic rats, we have tested the BALF for the eosinophils and mast cells concerning the disease severity and subsequent airway inflammation and mucus secretion due to hyperresponsiveness.²¹ These numbers were high in the OVA-induced asthmatic rats and got reduced with the treatment of SAC in the other group. Also, histological analysis of the pulmonary region indicates that SAC could inhibit the eosinophil numbers in the airway and hence the inflammation. Such results would improve the reliability of SAC in its use against asthma and airway inflammation.

Asthma has been well associated with the hemostatic imbalance of Th1/Th2, and TNF-α expression is observed.²² Mice studies have indicated that anti-TNF-α antibodies have reduced the intensity of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation due to eosinophilic infiltration of the airway.^23,24 TNF-α produced by eosinophils and T-cells effectively damages the airway by activating the expression of adhesion molecules for the sustained presence of eosinophils in the airways.²⁵ TNF-alpha also increases the goblet cell metaplasia to increase the excretion of mucus in the lungs.²⁶ These effects observed in our asthmatic rats were reduced when SAC was co-administered in the OVA-induced asthmatic rats. Infiltration of inflammatory cells would generate ROS,²⁷ and increased eosinophils have produced superoxide anions to react with nitric oxide²⁸ and cause oxidative stress in the affected animals. Hence the NO levels were higher in the asthmatic animals and got reduced in their levels in SAC-co-administered animals. A typical Th2-type immune response was observed in asthmatic animals, which is the increased expression of IgE against OVA.²⁹

In the development and spreading of allergic inflammation, the hemostatic imbalance is important and can be detected from fibrinogen level (FIB), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The OVA-induced asthma group has significantly higher FIB and TT, and the trends were reversed in the SAC-co-administered rats. Thus the hemostatic imbalance in the OVA-induced rats was reversed in the treated group. Also, the coagulation factors activity was tested in all the groups indicating the asthmatic group had higher FXII activity and decreased in the activity of FII and FV factors. Fibrinogen, generated through airway inflammation, would impair the hemostatic imbalance, and such observations were not present in the SAC-group.

We observed an increase in the expression of IL-13 in the BALF, peripheral blood, mast cells in the OVA-induced asthmatic animals, and is responsible for the inflammation in the airway, remodeling, and acute hyperresponsiveness.^30,31 IL-13 plays a major role in the pathogenesis of acute hyper-responsiveness^32,33 by increasing the mucous secretion through goblet cell metaplasia.³⁴ Such observa6tion has well correlated with the number of eosinophils observed in the asthmatic animals, without treatment, that is having airway inflammation³⁵ as overexpression of IL-13 is very important for the survival of eosinophils, their activation³⁴ and chemotaxis the eosinophils to the site of inflamed or damaged airway tissues.³⁶ Our OVA-induced animal models showed the eosinophil infiltration, airway inflammation, mucus secretion, and hyperresponsiveness, which were not observed with the SAC-co-administered OVA models. Hence, IL-13 is essential in playing a major role in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma, and SAC is inhibiting primarily the airway inflammation, which is a probable small molecule candidate to be used similar to the inhibition of eosinophil inflammation as observed here.³⁰

IL-17 is significantly higher in the airway of asthmatic animals, which is similar to the mice experimental results of asthma, which were induced with OVA.³⁷ It is present at a level that is significant when compared to the normal animals in our experimental animal groups and is characteristic of the onset of severe asthma.^38,39 An increase in the airway inflammation of OVA-induced rats has been partially attributed to IL-17 since the implication of overexpression of IL-13 in this model has a deep impact on the airway inflammation and hold prime responsibility in the airway inflammation of lung in asthma-induced rats as the route of OVA was induced through inhalation and not through the skin. This is in-line with the skin-induced OVA induction observed in research done here,³⁷ where the infiltration of IL-17 secreting cells would occur in the lung only in the absence of expression of IL-13.

With the administration of allergens, the airway epithelium is infected and has undergone inflammation,^40,41 and elevated expression of IL-6 in the lungs is observed.⁴² IL-6 is known to be a pro-inflammatory mediator and is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and promotes the infiltration of eosinophils in the airway. The expression of COX-2 high in asthmatic animals indicates that the inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 would mediate the immune cells to generate PGE2.⁴³ The levels of IL-6 are increased in our asthmatic groups of animals, and the animals are known to be clinically asthmatic.⁴⁴ IL-6 also promotes IL-13 production⁴² in asthmatic animals, and such synergistic action has been observed in human patients who are allergic. The co-administration of SAC has decreased the IL-6 levels and also IL-13 indicating that such effects are not due to complete blockage of IL-6 R but by increasing the expression of Treg cells and reducing expression of CD4 T effector cells.^45,46

The simultaneous increase in the expression of IL-1beta indicates that IL-1beta, along with IL-6, would aid in the differentiation of Th17 cells⁴⁷ that contribute to the airway inflammation in asthmatic allergies.^48,49 Such events did not occur in our SAC-coadministered rats, where the airway inflammation was nullified. Lung epithelial cells could not produce IL-6 due to decreased IL-17 in our SAC-group as in, and hence no positive feedback mechanism⁴⁴ occurred to raise IL-6 and hence the sequence of inflammatory events triggered by IL-13, goblet cell activation, mucus production, hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. Treatment of SAC has increased the anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10 in effectively controlling the inflammation.

The consequence of inflammation in the airway would be the oxidant damage with the assistance of antioxidants and reactive oxygen species (ROS) having primary role thereafter in sustaining the inflammation⁵⁰ to cause tissue damage.⁵¹ Accumulation of ROS would lead to peroxidation of arachidonic acid to produce many isomers of isoprostanes, of which, 8-isoprostane is involved in the constriction of smooth muscles and airway obstruction⁵² that cause discomfort in breathing during asthma. Leukotriene members such as cysteinyl leukotrienes, leukotriene B4, also derived from arachidonic acid by another pathway.⁵³ In eosinophils, act as potent broncho constrictors and causing airway smooth muscle constriction and increased mucous secretion. The increase in such lipid peroxidation products has been observed in naïve children⁵⁴ alike in our neonatal rats induced with OVA rather than in other subjects. The reduction in the levels of 8-isoprostanes in our SAC-co-administered animal model indicates that SAC would inhibit the inflammation, and the effect is long-lasting, unlike conventional corticosteroid therapy where residual inflammation⁵⁵ in asthmatic individuals resides.

To understand the cellular events and alterations occurring at the molecular level, due to IL-13, in the lungs, we have elucidated the levels of chemokines that are stimulated by IL-13.⁵⁶ In that order, we have checked the levels of MCP-1, MIP-1β, RANTES, and eotaxin in the lungs. IL-13 plays as an effector in the Th2 inflammation⁵⁷ and regulates the inflammation into the remodeling of the lung tissues^58,59 and thus contributing to hyper-responsiveness.^60-62 The coordinated response of the various chemokines such as eotaxin, RANTES, MIP1-β, and MCP-1 results in the Th2 inflammatory response in the affected lungs which would eventually increase trafficking of eosinophils from the blood circulation into the airway,⁶³ upregulating the adhesion molecules, to attach them to the airway epithelial cells. We did not necessarily discuss the molecular mechanism into the activation of Th2 immune response in asthma, but we speculate that the expression of chemokines with IL-13 activation would be to enhance the pre-effector events of sensitization, Th2 cell generation, and Th2 cytokine elaboration in the airway inflammation.⁵⁶

Conclusion

In summary, the present study demonstrates that SAC is a potent drug candidate to inhibit the airway inflammation by decreasing the expression of various inflammatory cytokines, in cases where even corticosteroids have failed to give an improvement in the treatment. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthma, and interleukins play as a stimulator of various cytokines and chemokines to attract the eosinophils and neutrophils by chemotaxis into the airway to cause a respiratory burst and thereby increasing the inflammation and tissue injury which can be attenuated using SAC. However, the study has a shortcoming in that we have failed to address the molecular pathway that SAC undertakes in inhibiting the airway inflammation which future research would address.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant Number: 18JR3RA357).

ORCID iD: Li Jiang Inline graphic https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9866-3950

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PERMALINK

Protective Effect of S-Allyl Cysteine Against Neonatal Asthmatic Rats

Li Jiang

Yuning Li

Fang Wang

Xindao Zhang

Ruiping Zhao

Abstract

Introduction