Abstract
The development of a tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) is a well-documented complication after tracheostomy, especially in chronic morbid patients, in whom tubes or cannulas are left in place over time, or in irradiated patients.
Surgical treatments are therefore needed which range from simple curettage and dressings to local skin flaps, muscle flaps and, in the more complex cases, microsurgical free tissue transfers.
We present a novel combined technique used to successfully treat recurrent TCFs in irradiated patients, involving a superiorly based turnover fistula flap and a sternocleidomastoid transposition flap.
Keywords: pedicle flap, tracheocutaneous fistula, tracheostomy, wound healing
Introduction
Tracheostomy is usually temporary, and the removal of the cannula within days or weeks leads to spontaneous healing of the surgical wound.
In chronic morbid patients, in whom tracheostomy tubes are left in place over time, 1 or in patients undergoing radiation therapies, the development of a tracheocutaneous fistula (TCF) is a well-documented complication. The incidence of chronic fistula can be as high as 29% and becomes even more common in the pediatric population. 1 2 Phonation issues, mucopurulent secretions, skin irritation, aspiration, and pneumonia are possible consequences of TCF. 3
Surgical treatments are therefore needed and range from simple curettage and dressings to local skin flaps, muscle flaps and, in the more complex cases, microsurgical free tissue transfers. 4 Especially in irradiated patients, due to the decreased wound healing potential, there is a high-rate of TCF recurrence. Surgical repair should therefore be multilayered and include well-vascularized tissue from the proximity. 5
We present a novel combined technique, which is used to treat recurrent tracheocutaneous fistulas in irradiated patients, involving a superiorly based turnover fistula flap and a sternocleidomastoid transposition flap.
Surgical Technique
Under general anesthesia, an elliptical incision centered on the fistula is performed. The fistula is dissected from the surrounding tissues down to the anterior wall of the trachea. The fistula is subsequently split transversally, creating a caudal half that is excised and a cranial part that is turned down over the tracheal defect, as a superiorly based turnover flap, and sutured with PDS 4–0.
To provide additional coverage to the described tracheaplasty, the anterior border of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle is identified at the lateral border of the skin incision. The muscle is then released from its sternal attachment, harvested in a cranial direction while preserving its superior pedicle (from the occipital artery) and medial pedicle (from the superior thyroid artery), transposed over the repaired tracheal defect, and sutured with Vicryl 4–0 to the available surrounding tissues. A small suction drain is positioned and kept until the output was less than 25 mL/day ( Fig. 1 ).
Fig. 1.
( A ) elliptical incision centered on the fistula. ( B ) The fistula is dissected from the surrounding tissues, down to the anterior wall of the trachea. ( C ) The fistula is split transversally. ( D ) The caudal half of the fistula is excised. ( E ) The cranial part is turned down over the tracheal defect as a superiorly based turnover flap and sutured. ( F ) The sternocleidomastoid muscle is transposed over the repaired tracheal defect and sutured.
Case 1
A 64-year-old man, who was a heavy smoker, came to our attention, referring to the persistence of a 0.5 cm diameter TCF. Ten years before, he underwent subtotal laryngectomy (tracheohyoidoepiglottopexy) and right neck dissection, followed by radiotherapy for a squamocellular carcinoma. Since the first decannulation, he developed TCF and multiple unsuccessful treatment procedures, either with curettage and secondary intention healing or direct closure, were attempted over time. A superiorly based turnover fistula flap combined with a sternocleidomastoid transposition flap were used to cover the defect. Operating time was approximately 60 minutes. The patient was discharged on the first postoperative day. At 20 months follow-up, no recurrence of TCF was reported, with a good functional and aesthetic result ( Fig. 2 ).
Fig. 2.
( A ) recurrent tracheocutaneous fistula after subtotal laryngectomy, radiotherapy and right neck dissection, and multiple closure attempts. ( B ) Preoperative markings: planned scarred skin excision around the fistula. Marked dots over previous neck surgical scars. ( C ) Immediate postoperative result. ( D ) Result at 20 months follow-up: excellent functional result without complications and a satisfied patient
Case 2
The same technique was used to treat a recurrent TCF of 1 cm in a 69-year-old male patient. He was operated several years before for a tracheal stenosis and the positioning of a Montgomery tracheal tube, which was kept for almost 5 years. The surgery was performed in 45 minutes and the patient was hospitalized for 2 days. Complete healing was achieved without complications. No recurrence occurred, with a follow-up of 14 months.
Discussion
The persistence of TCF is related to duration of cannulation, age at tracheostomy, and technique employed. 6 When cannula has been present for a time longer than 16 weeks, the incidence of TCF can reach 70%. 7
Several local flaps have been described for the treatment of chronic TCF. Among them are rhomboid flap and Z-plasty, 5 local turnover flap combined with pregrafted palatal mucosa, 8 superiorly based turnover skin flap, 1 and hinged skin flap. 9
As authors agreed, reconstruction should be multilayered and the infrahyoid muscles around the trachea are usually approximated and sutured. In some cases, however, because of radiotherapy or previous surgery, those muscle fibers are damaged and not useful. Healthy, vascularized tissue needs to be brought from elsewhere.
The multilayered technique we describe here possesses some advantages.
The first incision is positioned horizontally and follows the lines used in previous surgeries in most patients (e.g., tracheotomy and anterior neck flaps for laryngectomies). This orientation, with the removal of the damaged, scarred area of the skin, also provides easy access to the trachea and the sternal and clavicular insertions of sternocleidomastoid muscles.
The TCF is due to the squamous epithelialization of the tracheostomy stoma tract. The use of a superiorly based flap made of the fistula tissue allows the repair of the tracheal mucosal defect with a similar quality tissue, grown from the mucosal epithelium with time, following the principles of “like with like” reconstruction.
This creates the basis for a first intention healing, preferable in patients with chronic TCF where previous attempts with curettage and secondary intention healing have been unsuccessful.
Once the prerequisites for a fast and safe healing of the trachea are set, in patients with other risk factors for TCF recurrence, a further prudential procedure is added.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle flap represents a well-known option for head and neck defects but the donor site morbidity may include reduced head motion and aesthetic sequelae, and some authors therefore suggest to leave it as a back-up option. 10 However, in selected cases (e.g., multioperated and irradiated patients), the advantages of this flap overcome the risks. The fibers of the muscle can provide adequate perfusion of the repaired tracheal tissues and at the same time mechanically reduce the risk of air leakage (cause of subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum) by covering and somehow sealing (with fibrin and then scarring) the airway repair.
This flap is easy to access and harvest and may have a wide arc of rotation for different reconstructive needs.
We think that the described technique should be considered among the multiple possible solutions for recurrent TCF, especially in highly morbid irradiated patient, in which more complex reconstructions are not advisable, in order to provide a stable and effective coverage of the defect with a short and simple operation.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest None declared.
References
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