Pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder, is surgical relentlessness beneficial? A case report and literature review

Abstract

Pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare disease. However, the prognosis of this aggressive tumor is poor with short survival after diagnosis. We are describing in this manuscript a case of pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in which survival exceeded 26 months, after performing two curative surgeries. We are reporting the case of a 68-year-old woman with a history of recovered right breast carcinoma and operated 6 years later for a completely asymptomatic gallbladder tumor of 31 mm. In this case, curative surgery was performed allowing monobloc resection of the gallbladder and the hepatic segments IVb and V, a lymph node dissection was performed to. The histological examination of the specimen and immunohistochemistry confirms that the tumor was a grade 3 pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of gallbladder with lymph node invasion, the hepatic and biliary surgical margins were free. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was administered and the evolution was eventless until the discovery at 20 months of a lymph node considered being metastatic recurrence. A second surgery was performed allowing removal of three lymph nodes. This time, a different protocol of chemotherapy was administered to our patient who remains alive and without recurrence at 26 months from her first surgery. Surgical relentlessness with free margins resections associated with appropriate chemotherapy probably improves the survival of patients suffering from this rare and aggressive tumor.

Introduction

Neuroendocrine carcinoma tumors of the gallbladder (GBNEC) is a rare disease, which counts for less than 2% of all gallbladder neoplasms, and represent less than 0,5% of all neuroendocrine carcinoma tumors (NEC) localizations. NEC are divided into three groups, small cell NEC, large cell NEC, and mixed adenocarcinoma-neuroendocrine tumor [1].

Usually, the diagnosis of this cancer is commonly made accidentally next to the gallbladder histological examination after performing a cholecystectomy. In some cases, when the gallbladder tumor is detected at radiological examinations, the diagnosis is confirmed at histological examination of biopsy or surgical specimen. Pure large cell GBNEC is a rare neoplastic disease, only a few cases are reported in the literature [2]. A recent publication suggests the relationship between the history of radiotherapy and the occurrence of grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors at irradiated sites and organs [3].

We report the case of pure large cell GBNEC grade 3 occurred 6 years after radiotherapy for right breast adenocarcinoma. In whom, after performing two consecutive surgeries both for curative purposes with free margins specimens, we obtained a survival greater than 26 months.

Case report

A 68-year-old female patient with no family history of cancer and with a personal history of ductal cancer of the right breast and type 2 diabetes. For her breast cancer, the patient had received treatment 6 years before; at the time a conservative surgical treatment of this tumor located in the lower outer quadrant of the right breast followed by radiotherapy (65gray), chemotherapy and hormonotherapy was performed. Then, during the planned follow-up, a gallbladder tumor was discovered on routine abdominal ultrasonography.

At the time of admission in our department specialized in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, the patient was asymptomatic in a good general condition, without weight loss, BMI = 31. The clinical examination of the abdomen was normal. An abdominal MRI was performed and showed a tumor in the fundus of the gallbladder, visible in low signal intensity in the T2 sequence and high signal intensity in diffusion sequence, with intense contrast enhancement after injection of Gadolinium. Moreover, three metastatic lymphadenopathies were found in the hepato-gastric ligament sized respectively 18 mm, 16 mm, and 27 mm. However, there was no radiologic evidence of liver metastases or peritoneal carcinomatosis (Fig. 1). The thoracic- abdominal- pelvic CT-scan did not show any other suspect founds. Blood tests were featureless and showed a normal rate of CA 19–9 = 15,78 u/ml and CEA = 1,32 ng/ml,

Fig. 1.

MRI examination, white arrow: tumor of the gallbladder with hepatic invasion. red arrow: invaded lymphadenopathy

After discussion in the multidisciplinary committee, the patient was operated, surgical exploration showed the presence of a tumor involving the fundus of the gallbladder with evidence of hepatic invasion, and adenomegaly at the hepato-duodenal ligament, no evidence of carcinomatosis, the intraoperative ultrasonography confirmed that the liver was free from any metastasis. So a lymphadenectomy of the hepato-duodenal ligament was performed and extended to retro-pancreatic and coeliac lymph nodes, in association with monobloc resection of the gallbladder and the segment 4b and 5 of the liver (Fig. 2). The postoperative period was eventless and the patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day.

Fig. 2.

Perioperative view: bisegmentectomy Vb and V removing the tumor and the gallbladder bed in one piece, with lymph node dissection, individualization and exposure of the main bile duct (BD), the portal vein (P) and the hepatic artery (Ar)

Macroscopical examination of the specimen confirmed the presence of a vegetative white hemorrhagic tumor involving the fundus and the body of gallbladder measuring (30 mm × 25 mm × 14 mm).

Histopathology shows a neuroendocrine morphology such as organoid nesting, trabecular growth, rosette-like structure, and areas of a solid nest forming cribriform patterns with perineural invasion and numerous vascular invasion. The tumor cells were large with high mitotic activity > 50/2 mm², involving all layers of the gallbladder, with extensions to the liver and peritoneum, where the liver and cystic resection margins were clear.

The product of the lymph node dissection had brought back five nodes of which four were invaded, the tumor was classified P T3 N2 M0 according to the classification of the AJCC “8th edition”, immunohistochemical staining shows diffusely and strongly positivity of Chromagranine A, synaptophysin, CD56, and Ki-67 at 80% (Figs. 3a, b, c).

Fig. 3.

a Gallbladder parietal involvement of muscular layer by pure large cells neuroendocrine carcinoma (10 × , coloration: H&E). b lymph node involvement by large cells neuroendocrine carcinoma (4× coloration: H&E). c Microscopic histological appearance after immunohistochemical stains (4 ×). 1- Microscopic view at H&E coloration (4 ×). 2- Immunohistochemical staining showing that the large cells were positive for chromogranin. 3- Immunohistochemical staining showing that large cells were positive for synaptophysin. 4- Cancer cells showed a Ki-67 index of 80%

Based on a discussion that was carried out in the multidisciplinary committee of the west Algerian network of neuroendocrine tumors, the patient had received standard adjuvant chemotherapy (Etoposide -Cisplatin) four cycles, she was monitored every 3 months during the first year by performing a CT-scan, then every 6 months for the following next year.

Twenty months after surgery, the patient developed a suspected recurrence of a disease with the appearance of a large left lateral para-aortic lymphadenopathy of 51 mm on control imaging (Fig. 4). Unfortunately, the 18 FDG-PET-CT was unavailable; therefore, it could not be realized. After discussion in the multidisciplinary committee, a second surgery was performed allowing the resection of the detected metastatic lymph node and to perform an additional lymphadenectomy of the left lateral-aortic chain having allowed the dissection of two other lymph nodes (Fig. 5). The histological examination had confirmed that all removed lymph nodes were invaded by the same histological type of tumor previously described with capsular rupture (Figs. 6, 7). The patient received four cycles of (5-Fluoro-uracil + Oxaliplatin) and remains alive without any disease recurrence on control CT-scan at 26 months from her first surgery.

Fig. 4.

Left lateral para-aortic lymph node of 51 mm on MRI

Fig. 5.

Product of lymph node dissection: three lymph nodes of different sizes

Fig. 6.

Lymph node involvement by neoplastic cells showing a sheet-like growth with trabecular and rosette-like patterns (H&E 20X)

Fig. 7.

Cells showed a Ki-67 index of 90% (40X)

Discussion

In Algeria, gallbladder cancer represents 4% of women’s incident cancers [4], Primary GBNEC are rare and represent 2,3% of all gallbladder neoplasm and less than 0,5% of all gastrointestinal NEC [5].

The first case of pure large cell GBNEC was described in 2000 by Papotti et al. [6], since only 14 pure large cell GBNEC was described in the literature, our case is the 15th, and the first African reported case.

The liver is considered as an organ at risk during irradiation of right breast cancer [7], a recent publication suggests the presence of a relationship between the history of radiotherapy and the occurrence of grade 3 NEC at irradiated sites and organs [3]. In our case, the GBNEC was diagnosed 6 years after radiotherapy for right breast cancer.

Symptoms described by patients with GBNEC are non-specific, often related to bile duct tension such as biliary colic or acute cholecystitis or jaundice in rare cases [8]. Mostly, this disease is discovered after performing cholecystectomy for cholecystitis or cholelithiasis, in some cases, the tumor is detected on imaging leading to biopsy or surgical resection [6, 9]. The radiologic patterns of GBNEC and gallbladder adenocarcinoma are similar. However, Kim et al. conclude that the well-defined margin associated to larger hepatic and lymph nodes metastases are useful CT-scan differentiators of GBNECs from adenocarcinoma [10]. In all cases, the histopathology confirms the unsuspected diagnosis of GBNEC [8, 9]. In our case, the diagnosis of a gallbladder tumor was made during the periodic follow-up of a cured right breast cancer in an asymptomatic woman. The abdominal ultrasonography revealed the gallbladder tumor and the MRI that was performed before the surgery had revealed lymphadenopathy and had predicted the absence of liver metastases, as well, the neuroendocrine nature of the tumor was not suspected. The 18FDG-PET-CT can be used to confirm the GBNET. However, it is not practical, to use this expensive imagery and rarely available in all cases of suspected gallbladder cancer when histopathology allows having the diagnosis on micro-biopsy or cytology guided by standard imagery. On the other hand, this imaging is useful in the search for an undetected primary tumor and the search for metastases [11]. In our case, the R0 surgical resection was proposed without prior biopsy to avoid dissemination, this decision was made by the multidisciplinary committee of EHU-1st November 1954 Hospital.

To confirm the diagnosis of NEC on histological examination, immunohistochemistry is essential as these tumors are positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56 and Ki67 [12].

In our case, radical resection surgery of the gallbladder tumor associated to liver segments 4b and 5 resection and lymph nodes dissection was performed, the hepatic and biliary surgical margins of the resection specimen were not involved and lymph nodes showed tumoral invasion on final histological examination. This radical surgical solution is associated with a better overall survivor in the case of an adénocarcinoma of the gallbladder [13]. However, the benefits of this surgery were not studied in cases of GBNEC. Besides, radical surgery provides sufficient hepatic free margins with R0 resection and more precise staging of the disease because of lymph node dissection, hence, leading to better evaluation for the prescription of adjuvant therapy. According to Ayabe et al. surgical resection with negative margins is associated with better overall survival after surgery of the GBNEC, others poor prognostic factors were: large cell NECs, the tumor size larger than 25 mm, AJCC stage and tumors grade 3 (5). Moreover, it appeared that the GBNEC have a worse prognosis compared to other gastrointestinal NECs with poor overall survival. Thus, our patient cumulate several bad prognosis factors, the only favorable factor was the surgical resection with negative margins. After curative resection, adjuvant chemotherapy type Etoposide + cisplatin in four cycles is recommended with a monitoring schedule to detect any recurrence of disease [12].

In case of recurrence, rare are the publications that plead in favor of relentless surgery, in our case after lymph node recurrence at 20 months, the decision to propose a second surgery was validated by the Multidisciplinary Committee and accepted by the patient. This second surgery allowed resection of all metastatic lymphadenopathy. In our case, given the failure of the adjuvant chemotherapy administered after the first curative surgery, a change of protocol was decided with the administration of cytotoxic drugs based on Oxaliplatin, this attitude is recommended by some authors for grade 3 digestive NECs tumors that do not respond well to the Cisplatin Etoposide protocol [12, 14–16]. The chemotherapy used in patients affected by GBNEC is inspired by treatments administered to other digestive NECs, and without any conviction that the results of these treatments are efficient on biliary NEC patients, in any case, it also appears that large cell GBNECs have a poor response to chemotherapy [5, 17].

Abutaka et al. had reported a case of pure large cell GBNEC where relentless surgery after a first R0 resection of an NEC of the gallbladder, followed by two hepatic metastasectomy with lymph node dissection had prolonged survival to 26 months [18].

Shimano et al. reported a case of GBNEC, in which, the tumor was not surgically extirpable. The down-staging was obtained by radio-chemotherapy, 50 Gy radiotherapy associated with intra-arterial chemotherapy, the patient had undergone a right portal embolization before an extended right trisegmentectomy, then surgery with radiotherapy was performed for metachronous brain metastases, the patient has finally survived for 69 months [19].

Shapera et al. obtained a survival of 19 without recurrence after performing a radical cholecystectomy with lymph node dissection followed by chemotherapy in a patient where the tumor was discovered after performing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy [20]. Other authors had obtained appreciable survival after carcinological resection associated with lymph node dissection with no recurrence of this aggressive malignant rare pathology [21].

Through these three cases, no particular conclusion can be made. However, it is assumed that the reoperation is beneficial with prolonged survival whenever a curative resection with free margins is performed even for cancer recurrence. Whatever, all decisions have to be discussed and validated by the multidisciplinary committee.

A table summarizes a literature review of published cases of a pure large cell GBNEC with a summary of proposed treatments and results (Table 1).

Table 1.

Description of all published cases of pure large cell neruoendocrine tumor of gallbladder

Author	Age in years (Gender)	Tumor size		Grade	Status at diagnosis		Quality of fisrt surgery (R)	Quality of consecutive surgeries (R)	Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy	Outcomes Months (Survival)
					Invasion (Organs)	Metastasis (Organs)
		≤ 2,5 cm	> 2,5 cm
Papotti et al	65 (M)	●		3	No	No	Chol (?)	Liver resection (?)	Yes?	14 (DCD)
Jun et al	67 (F)		●	?	Yes (Liv)	Yes (Liv)	Biopsy	-	Yes?	10 (DCD)
	55 (M)	●		?	No	Yes (Lyn)	Biopsy	-	No	1 (DCD)
Iype et al	58 (F)	●		3	No	Yes (Lyn)	Chol (?)	-Biseg-Ld (R0)	ET-Cis	16 (Alive)
Shimono et al	64 (F)		●	?	Yes (lLiv)	No	Emb + Triseg(R0)	cerebellectomy	Radiochemotherapy-ET-Cis	69 (DCD)
Lin et al	65 (F)	?	?	?	?	No	R-chol (?)	–	No	> 2 (DCD)
Okuyama et al	64(M)	●		3		Yes (Lyn + Liv)	Biopsy	–	Docetaxel-Cis	22 (DCD)
Buscemi et al	76 (F)	●		3	No	Yes (Lyn + Liv)	Chol (?)	–	ET-Cis/Car	5 (DCD)
Ryoichi et al	86 (F)	●		3	No	No	Chol + Ld (R0)	–	No	6 (Alive)
Moris et al	20 (M)	●		1	No	No	Chol (R0)	Biseg + Ld (R0)	No	2 (Alive)
Fujii et al	60 (M)		●	3	Yes (Liv)	No	Biseg + Ld(R0)	–	No	> 66 (Alive)
Peters et al	64 (M)	●		3	Yes (Liv)	?	Chol (R2)	-Exploration	No	Lost
Abutaka et al	67 (F)	●		3	?	No	Chol (?)	-Biseg + Ld + Met (R0) - Seg (R0)	ET-Car	26 (DCD)
Shapera et al	65(F)	●		3	No	No	Chol ((R0)	R-chol + Ld(R0)	ET-Cis	19 (Alive)
Tidjane et al	68(F)		●	3	Yes (Liv)	Yes (Lyn)	Biseg + Ld (R0)	Ld (R0)	ET-CIS	26 (Alive)

? Unclear, Liv Liver, Lyn Lynph node, Chol: Cholecystectomy, R-chol Radical cholecystectomy, Biseg resection of segment 4 and 5 of liver, Met Liver metastasis resection, Triseg Trisegmentectomy, Emb Portal emolization, Ld lymph nodes dissection, Et Etoposide, Cis Cisplatin, Car Carboplatin, DCD Deceased, R margins of surgical resection

The pure large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare and aggressive tumor, with a short survival compared to other neuroendocrine tumors of the digestive tract. Performing radical excision surgery with non-invaded biliary and hepatic surgical margins, associated with lymph node dissection seems provides better results compared to biopsies and cholecystectomy alone associated with chemotherapy.

In the event of hepatic or lymph node metastasis, surgical relentlessness allowing the R0 resection of metastasis with appropriate chemotherapy seems to have a benefit on survival. It is noteworthy that our follow-up after the second surgery is not sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of this aggressive surgical approach, but the survival of more than 26 months observed in our case, seems to be a considerable gain compared to some cases described elsewhere.

Availability of data and material

The DATA are not shared, but can be requested directly from the author who will be responsible for transmitting them, after obtaining the patient’s agreement.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethics approval

Obtained from the ethical council of the EHU-1st November 1954, Oran, Algeria.

Consent for publication

Written consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of this article.