Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Despite the exceptionally high prevalence of tobacco use in Lebanon, few cessation programs exist. The American University of Beirut (AUB) developed one of the first smoking-cessation programs in the country in 2015, and the program became free-of-charge to patients in 2018. The program offers initial visit(s) with a primary care provider, in-person and/or telephone counseling, acupuncture, and medications.
METHODS
We assessed patient characteristics, treatments used, and patient outcomes in the first year of implementing the free smoking-cessation program, compared to the original program. We compared 87 smokers who initiated treatment in the free program with 47 patients in the original program.
RESULTS
At baseline, smokers in the free program were younger, smoked fewer cigarettes per day, and had lower CO levels than smokers in the original program. At 1 month follow-up, 72.9% were abstinent in the free program, compared with 42.2% in the original program (p<0.001). Smokers who had ≥2 primary care visits and those who had ≥1 acupuncture visits had higher rates of abstinence at 1 month and those who were prescribed bupropion had higher rates of abstinence at 12 months.
CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of the free smoking cessation program demonstrates preliminary efficacy, with telephone support offering potential for scalability.
Keywords: free clinic, smoking cessation, counseling
INTRODUCTION
Lebanon has high smoking prevalence rates of combustible tobacco use compared to other middle-income countries, reaching 34% in males and 21% in females for daily cigarette smoking, and 26% and 24%, respectively, for waterpipe smoking1. The incidence of lung cancer in Lebanon is highest among females and second highest among males in the Eastern Mediterranean Region2. Despite the high burden of smoking in the Lebanese population, few resources exist to support smokers with tobacco cessation treatment3.
The American University of Beirut (AUB), a leading institution of higher education in Lebanon and the region, with an affiliated tertiary medical center, developed one of the first smoking-cessation programs in the country in 2015 in response to an identified need within the university community4, 5. The program offers counseling to promote learning behavior modification and provides nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), including nicotine gum and patch. Effective from 1 January 2018, AUB implemented a tobacco-free university policy. As part of the policy, the smoking cessation program became free-of-charge with the goal of increasing access to tobacco treatment services.
The free program accepts smokers of all combustible tobacco products, including cigarettes and waterpipe. The program is staffed with two physicians who are tobacco treatment specialists, two nurses specialized in behavioral smoking cessation counseling, and one administrator. Patients who enroll in the program receive up to eight sessions of counseling, as well as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) free-of-charge (Figure 1). Patients with contraindication for NRT or with a co-occurring mental health condition (e.g. dysthymia, major depressive disorder) are prescribed bupropion instead of NRT (varenicline is not available in Lebanon). In addition, patients are offered the option of acupuncture due to its therapeutic role in suppressing addiction and reducing withdrawal symptoms6.
Figure 1.
Smoking cessation program treatment flowchart
At the initial visit, the patient is introduced to the program, offered psychological support, provided information on managing withdrawal symptoms and coping strategies, and scheduled for a behavioral counseling session within one week of the planned quit date. The six remaining sessions lasting 45 minutes each are held on a weekly basis for two months with the nurse/smoking cessation specialist. Patients are requested to participate in these six sessions in person. If the patient is unable to visit the clinic, the session is held either via telephone or via a video call through the mobile application WhatsApp. Additionally, participants are encouraged to contact the nurse in case they experience any adverse drug reaction or need behavioral support and guidance through their cessation treatment process. In parallel with the weekly sessions, patients have two follow-up visits with the physician to evaluate withdrawal symptoms and potential medication side effects (at one and two months post quit-date). After completing eight weeks of treatment, patients are contacted by telephone on a monthly basis to ensure compliance and abstinence, and CO measures are collected at 1, 6, and 12 months. All program metrics are recorded in the patient’s electronic health record.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective study of patients treated in the first year of the free program, spanning from November 2018 to December 2019, compared with the original program (2015–2017). Patient characteristics at baseline included age, gender, tobacco product used at the initial visit (e.g. cigarettes, waterpipe), number of cigarettes per day, CO level, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score7. Treatments received included behavioral counseling, acupuncture, and prescribed medications (i.e. bupropion, NRT, and combination bupropion + NRT). Outcomes included CO-verified abstinence at 1, 6, and 12 months after the set quit date. Descriptive statistics are reported, including mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, and frequency and percentage for categorical variables. Quit outcomes were compared between the original and free programs across all three follow-up periods using average treatment effects estimation with inverse-probability weights that adjusted for age and nicotine dependence. Comparison of patient baseline characteristics between the free and original programs were conducted using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Associations between treatment types and quit outcomes at 1, 6, and 12 months among participants in the free program were examined using chi-squared tests. Associations with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data analysis was conducted in 2020 using Stata version 15.1 (StataCorp LLC). Ethical approval was acquired from the AUB Institutional Review Board.
RESULTS
The analysis included 87 patients who completed the initial visit in the free program compared with 47 patients in the original program (Table 1). Among those who initiated treatment in the free program, mean age was 41.6 years (SD=15.0), 27 (31.0%) were female, 21 (41.1%) were light smokers (≤10 cigarettes/day), and 6 (6.8%) were waterpipe smokers. The mean CO level was 13.4 ppm (SD=6.7) and 34 (42.0%) scored a ≥7 on the FTND. Significant differences in patient characteristics were observed compared to the original program, including in mean age (50.0 years), cigarettes per day (none smoked ≤10 cigarettes), and CO level (20.5 ppm).
Table 1.
Characteristics of patients participating in the free smoking-cessation program (2018–2019) and the original program (2014–2017)
| Characteristics | Free program (N=87) n (%) | Original program (N=47) n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean±SD | 41.6±15.0 | 50.0±14.8 | 0.002 |
| Gender | 0.182 | ||
| Male | 60 (69.0) | 27 (57.4) | |
| Female | 27 (31.0) | 20 (42.6) | |
| Tobacco product(s) used | 0.263 | ||
| Cigarettes | 80 (92.0) | 47 (100.0) | |
| Waterpipe | 5 (5.7) | - | |
| Pipe | 1 (1.1) | - | |
| Cigarettes + waterpipe | 1 (1.1) | - | |
| Cigarettes per day | <0.001 | ||
| ≤10 | 21 (41.1) | - | |
| 11–20 | 34 (39.0) | 12 (28.6) | |
| 21–30 | 11 (12.6) | 18 (42.9) | |
| ≥31 | 15 (17.2) | 12 (26.6) | |
| Not a cigarette smoker | 6 (6.9) | - | |
| CO level, mean±SD | 13.4±6.7 | 20.5±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Fagerström test for nicotine dependence | 0.221 | ||
| <7 | 47 (58.0) | 19 (46.3) | |
| ≥7 | 34 (42.0) | 22 (53.7) | |
Overall, 62 (72.9%) were abstinent at 1 month in the free program, compared with 19 (42.2%) in the original program (p=0.006). No significant differences were observed at 6 and 12 months (Table 2). Among smokers participating in the free program, the 1-month abstinence rate was higher for those who had 2 or more primary care visits (93.8%) compared to those with only 1 visit (60.4%) and among those who had acupuncture (79.7%) compared to those who did not (57.7%). Additionally, abstinence at 12 months was higher among those who were prescribed bupropion only (83.3%) compared to NRT (14.3%) or combination therapy (33.3%).
Table 2.
Smoking cessation treatment types and outcomes at 1, 6, and 12 months follow-up
| Treatments received | Abstinence 1 month | Abstinence 6 months | Abstinence 12 months | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | p* | n (%) | p* | n (%) | p* | |
| Smoking-cessation program | 0.006 | 0.532* | 0.940* | |||
| Original program | 19 (42.2) | 15 (32.6) | 11 (24.4) | |||
| Free program | 62 (72.9) | 29 (44.6) | 13 (34.2) | |||
| Free smoking-cessation program | Abstinence 1 month | Abstinence 6 months | Abstinence 12 months | |||
| n (%) | p | n (%) | p | n (%) | p | |
| Number of physician visits | 0.001 | 0.077 | 0.305 | |||
| 1 | 32 (60.4) | 16 (57.1) | 8 (42.1) | |||
| ≥2 | 30 (93.8) | 13 (35.1) | 5 (26.3) | |||
| Number of counseling sessions | 0.889 | 0.204 | 0.728 | |||
| <4 | 10 (71.4) | 3 (27.3) | 11 (35.5) | |||
| ≥4 | 52 (73.2) | 26 (48.2) | 2 (28.6) | |||
| Acupuncture sessions | 0.036 | 0.174 | 0.297 | |||
| 0 | 15 (57.7) | 6 (31.6) | 3 (23.1) | |||
| ≥1 | 47 (79.7) | 23 (50.0) | 10 (40.0) | |||
| Prescribed medications | 0.922 | 0.086 | 0.012 | |||
| Bupropion | 5 (71.4) | 5 (83.3) | 5 (83.3) | |||
| Nicotine replacement therapy | 30 (75.0) | 10 (34.5) | 2 (14.3) | |||
| Combination therapy | 27 (71.0) | 14 (46.7) | 6 (33.3) | |||
Average treatment effects estimation using inverse-probability weights adjusting for age and nicotine dependence.
DISCUSSION
In its initial year, the free program demonstrated a high level of effectiveness and has expanded the reach of the original program, including among younger and light smokers. Smokers in the free cessation program had significantly higher abstinence rates at 1 month follow-up compared with their counterparts who had participated in the original program. This finding is consistent with prior evidence of the beneficial effects of removing financial barriers for smoking cessation treatment8.
Among smokers who participated in the free smoking-cessation program, we found higher abstinence rates in those who had more than one physician visit, those who participated in acupuncture, and those treated with bupropion. Delivery of physician advice to smokers is a critical component of clinical practice guidelines for smoking cessation9, and therefore it is not surprising that smokers who had more than one physician encounter were more likely to quit successfully. In addition, smokers who participated in acupuncture had higher abstinence rates. This result is consistent with a recent systematic review that evaluated the evidence in support of the beneficial effect of acupuncture on smoking cessation6. Also, our findings suggest that bupropion may be more effective than NRT in supporting patients to maintain long-term abstinence. Although our study did not document mental health diagnoses, patients were more likely to be prescribed bupropion over NRT if they had co-occurring mental health conditions. Given emerging evidence that bupropion may be more beneficial than NRT for smokers with a history of depression10, and the increasing public health concern about mental health in Lebanon11, 12, this finding has important practice implications on prescribing cessation medications as a part of tobacco use treatment in Lebanon and beyond.
Although the program has enjoyed exceptional success in the Lebanese context, where few resources exist to support smokers with cessation services, it has thus far operated at a small scale. Efforts are needed to scale up the program to meet the unmet needs of smokers, who represent a large portion of the Lebanese population. Telephone-based counseling services (i.e. quit lines) should be considered in this regard, as they are a recommended solution for delivering population-based smoking cessation support, especially in low-resource settings13.
In addition, while the vast majority of patients in the program were cigarette smokers, the prevalence of waterpipe smoking in Lebanon is comparable to the prevalence of cigarette smoking1. There are many patient-level barriers to waterpipe smokers seeking cessation support, including misperceptions about harm, as well as the social and cultural norms associated with the practice. From a clinical point of view, a recent survey of Lebanese primary care practitioners found they were more likely to counsel patients against cigarette smoking than waterpipe smoking, underscoring a lack of knowledge about waterpipe smoking cessation techniques14.
CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of the free smoking-cessation program demonstrates preliminary efficacy, with telephone support offering potential for scalability. Future enhancements to the program should also consider strategies to facilitate the delivery of smoking cessation services to waterpipe smokers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the nurses and staff of the Smoking Cessation Program at the American University of Beirut Medical Center’s Health and Wellness Center for their efforts in data collection.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.
FUNDING
This work was supported by the American University of Beirut Tobacco-Free University Fund.
PROVENANCE AND PEER REVIEW
Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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