Abstract
Background
The most common complication after cesarean delivery is surgical site infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces infectious morbidity and current anesthetic quality metrics include preincision antibiotic prophylaxis. Recently, studies suggest reductions in infectious morbidity with the addition of azithromycin for unscheduled cesarean delivery. Larger doses of cefazolin are recommended for morbidly obese women, but evidence is conflicting. The aim of this study was to survey anesthesiologists to assess current practice for antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery.
Methods
We invited a random sample of 10,000 current members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists to complete an online survey about their current practice of antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery in November 2017. The survey included questions similar to a previous survey on this topic in 2012.
Results
The response rate was 12.2% (n = 1223). Most respondents had at least 15 years of experience (684, 55.9%), work at a nonteaching or community hospital (729, 59.6%), with >500 cesarean deliveries annually (619, 50.6%), and administer obstetric anesthesia several times a week (690, 56.4%). Routine preincision antibiotic prophylaxis was reported by 1162 (95.0%) of the 1223 respondents, a substantial improvement versus the 63.5% reported in the previous study in 2012. For intrapartum cesarean deliveries, 141 (11.5%) administer azithromycin for unscheduled cesarean deliveries. Those who use cefazolin, 509 (42.5%) administer 3 g for morbidly obese women.
Conclusion
Adherence to preincision antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery is very high, a significant improvement within 5 years. A minority of anesthesiologists utilize azithromycin for intrapartum cesarean deliveries. The dose of cefazolin for morbidly obese women varies widely.
1. Introduction
Cesarean delivery is a major risk factor for postpartum infection with a five to twenty times greater incidence as compared to vaginal delivery [1]. Prophylactic antibiotics at the time of scheduled cesarean delivery have been shown to reduce the risk of wound infection (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.47–0.82) and endometritis (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.24–0.61) compared to placebo or no treatment [1]. Preincision antibiotic prophylaxis also reduces an infectious composite outcome that includes maternal sepsis, wound dehiscence or evisceration, necrotizing fasciitis, pelvic abscess, and septic pelvic thrombophlebitis [2, 3]. Current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommendations include antibiotic prophylaxis given to all women undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery within 60 minutes prior to incision [4]. In women without significant allergies, a single dose of a first-generation cephalosporin is recommended due to its efficacy, narrow spectrum of activity, and low cost [5]. Alternatively, in women with type 1 hypersensitivity to penicillins or cephalosporins, clindamycin plus an aminoglycoside is recommended [4].
In 2012, a nationwide survey was administered to members of the American Society of Anesthesiologists regarding current antibiotic practices and found striking variability with only 63.5% reporting use of preincision prophylaxis prior to cesarean delivery [6]. However, since this survey, there have been further data and recommendations outlining the importance of preincision compared to postdelivery antibiotics in obstetric patients [7], and timely administration for all scheduled cesarean deliveries with an appropriately chosen antibiotic has become a quality metric for hospitals [8].
This survey was undertaken to examine current practices of anesthesiologists regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery. The aim of the study was to evaluate if there has been a change in practice and increased adoption of the ACOG recommendations to administer preincision antibiotics in all cesarean deliveries. Additionally, we assessed the adoption rates of newer antibiotic practices including azithromycin for intrapartum cesarean deliveries and dose modification in obese parturients, as well as factors that were associated with greater integration of such practices.
2. Materials and Methods
The survey was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at Duke University Hospital in July 2017 and conducted by investigators at both Duke University and Stanford University. The original survey administered in 2012, which underwent internal face validity during its initial development, was utilized in this study with the addition of questions regarding adjunctive azithromycin use and cefazolin dosing in morbidly obese women (see the Appendix A in Supplementary Materials). The survey was then sent electronically by the ASA administration to 10,000 random current members of the ASA, pulled from the current membership directory in November 2017. Two weeks after the initial e-mail was sent out, a reminder e-mail was sent to the same cohort to complete the survey. The survey was then taken offline two weeks following the reminder e-mail. The primary outcome of interest was adherence to the ACOG recommendation of administration of preincision antibiotics for cesarean deliveries. Secondary outcomes included adoption of ACOG suggested practices, including azithromycin administration for intrapartum cesarean deliveries and 3 g of cefazolin for morbidly obese women. Rate of preincision antibiotic use was then compared to the prior rate obtained in the 2012 study. We also examined factors associated with adherence and integration of these antibiotic practices.
2.1. Statistical Analysis
Survey response data are presented as numbers (percentage). Means with standard deviations and proportions with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for summary analyses. The primary outcome of preincision antibiotic prophylaxis was compared to the prior rate in the 2012 survey using a Chi-squared test. The primary and secondary outcomes were then examined as a function of various characteristics using chi-squared tests or Fisher's exact test, where appropriate, for categorical variables, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. SAS Enterprise Guide 9.4 (©2018, Cary, NC) was used for analysis.
3. Results
Of the 10,000 members to which a survey was sent, 1351 (13.5%) returned the survey with 1223 (12.2%) returning a complete response, 25 (0.3%) returning an incomplete response, and 103 (1.0%) stating they did not currently perform obstetric anesthesia. Most respondents had at least 15 years of experience (684, 55.9%), work at a nonteaching or community hospital (729, 59.6%) with >500 cesarean deliveries annually (619, 50.6%), and work in obstetric anesthesia several times a week (690, 56.4%) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of survey respondents.
| Respondent and hospital characteristics | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Anesthesiologist experience | ||
| Currently training | 4 | 0.3 |
| <5 years | 107 | 8.8 |
| 5–14 years | 427 | 34.9 |
| 15+ years | 684 | 55.9 |
| Region of practice in the United States | ||
| Northeast | 248 | 20.3 |
| Southeast | 233 | 19.1 |
| Midwest | 245 | 20.0 |
| Southwest | 118 | 9.7 |
| West | 241 | 19.7 |
| International | 138 | 11.3 |
| Hospital type (respondents could choose >1) | ||
| University or teaching hospital | 471 | 38.5 |
| Nonteaching or community hospital | 729 | 59.6 |
| Public/military | 53 | 4.3 |
| Variable | 14 | 1.1 |
| Number of institutional cesarean deliveries annually | ||
| <100 | 81 | 6.6 |
| 100–500 | 523 | 42.8 |
| >500 | 619 | 50.6 |
| Frequency working in obstetric anesthesia | ||
| Very often (several times a week) | 690 | 56.4 |
| Occasionally (a few times a month) | 475 | 38.8 |
| Rarely (less than once a month) | 38 | 3.1 |
| Very rarely (only a few times a year) | 20 | 1.6 |
| Temporal practice change | ||
| This is how I was trained | 396 | 32.4 |
| My practice changed >7 years ago | 301 | 24.6 |
| My practice changed 1–7 years ago | 463 | 37.96 |
| My practice changed within the past year | 63 | 5.2 |
Routine preincision antibiotic prophylaxis was reported by 1162 (95.0%) respondents. For intrapartum cesarean deliveries, 141 (11.5%) administer adjunctive azithromycin. Of those who use cefazolin for prophylaxis, 509 (42.5%) administer 3 g for morbidly obese women, as compared to 654 (54.5%) who use 2 g and 36 (3%) who use 1 g (Table 2).
Table 2.
Current antibiotic practices by anesthesiologists for cesarean delivery.
| Current antibiotic practice | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Routine prophylaxis for unlabored cesarean delivery | ||
| Cefazolin | 1187 | 97.1 |
| Azithromycin | 49 | 4.0 |
| Ampicillin | 21 | 1.7 |
| Gentamicin | 20 | 1.6 |
| Other | 49 | 4.0 |
| Timing of antibiotic | ||
| 30–60 min preincision | 75 | 6.1 |
| 15–30 min preincision | 367 | 30.0 |
| 0–15 min preincision | 720 | 58.9 |
| Total preincision | 1162 | 95.0 |
| Postcord clamp | 33 | 2.1 |
| Per obstetrician | 24 | 2.0 |
| Not in scope of practice | 4 | 0.3 |
| Routine prophylaxis for labored cesarean delivery | ||
| Cefazolin | 1148 | 93.9 |
| Azithromycin | 141 | 11.5 |
| Ampicillin | 35 | 2.9 |
| Gentamicin | 56 | 4.6 |
| Other | 61 | 5.0 |
| Cefazolin dose for morbidly obese women | ||
| 1 g | 36 | 2.9 |
| 2 g | 654 | 53.5 |
| 3 g | 509 | 41.6 |
| I don't routinely use cefazolin | 23 | 1.9 |
Routine preincision antibiotic prophylaxis rates were significantly improved from the 63.5% reported in the previous survey in 2012 (Χ2 (1) = 356.4, P < 0.0001).
Routine preincision antibiotic administration was significantly associated with the frequency a provider administers obstetric anesthesia, region in the United States of provider practice, years the provider was in practice, and annual number of cesarean deliveries at their place of employment (Table 3). Adjunctive azithromycin administration for intrapartum cesarean delivery was significantly associated with region in the United States of the provider's practice, years the provider was in practice, and annual number of cesarean deliveries at their place of employment (Table 3). Administration of 3 g of cefazolin in morbidly obese women was also significantly associated with region, years in practice, and institutional annual number of cesarean deliveries (Table 3).
Table 3.
Bivariate analysis of preincision antibiotic prophylaxis, adjunctive azithromycin for unscheduled cesarean delivery, and 3 g cefazolin in morbidly obese women.
| Characteristic | Preincision prophylaxis (%) | P value | Azithromycin use in intrapartum cesarean delivery (%) | P value | 3 g cefazolin in morbidly obese women (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Administration frequency of obstetric anesthesia | <0.0001 | 0.2286 | 0.6520 | |||
| Very rarely (only a few times a year) | 15/20 (75.0%) | 1/20 (5.0%) | 10/20 (50.0%) | |||
| Rarely (less than once a month) | 31/38 (81.6%) | 3/38 (7.9%) | 13/38 (34.2%) | |||
| Occasionally (a few times a month) | 453/475 (95.4%) | 46/475 (9.7%) | 202/475 (42.5%) | |||
| Very often (several times a week) | 663/690 (96.1%) | 91/690 (13.2%) | 284/690 (41.2%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Region in the United States | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Northeast | 240/248 (96.8%) | 27/248 (10.9%) | 97/248 (39.1%) | |||
| Southeast | 219/233 (94.0%) | 20/233 (8.6%) | 86/233 (36.9%) | |||
| Midwest | 238/245 (97.1%) | 41/245 (16.7%) | 123/244 (50.4%) | |||
| Southwest | 116/118 (98.3%) | 18/118 (15.3%) | 57/118 (48.3%) | |||
| West | 235/241 (97.5%) | 32/241 (13.3%) | 117/241 (48.6%) | |||
| Other | 114/138 (82.6%) | 3/138 (2.2%) | 29/138 (21.0%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Years in practice | 0.0025 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Currently training | 4/4 (100.0%) | 2/4 (50.0%) | 3/4 (75.0%) | |||
| <5 years | 106/107 (99.1%) | 26/107 (24.3%) | 68/107 (63.6%) | |||
| 5–15 years | 450/464 (97.0%) | 68/464 (14.7%) | 217/464 (46.8%) | |||
| More than 15 years | 601/647 (92.9%) | 45/647 (7.0%) | 221/647 (34.2%) | |||
|
| ||||||
| Institutional annual number of cesarean deliveries | 0.0043 | <0.0001 | 0.0041 | |||
| <100 | 70/81 (86.4%) | 2/81 (2.5%) | 24/81 (29.6%) | |||
| 100–500 | 499/523 (95.4%) | 45/523 (8.6%) | 202/523 (38.6%) | |||
| >500 | 593/619 (95.8%) | 94/619 (15.2%) | 283/619 (45.7%) | |||
4. Discussion
An overwhelming majority of practicing anesthesiologists administer preincision antibiotics for cesarean deliveries. This is a stark improvement from the same survey performed 5 years earlier. During those five years, more evidence surfaced demonstrating significant reduction in postoperative infectious morbidity with preincision compared to postdelivery antibiotic administration, as well as the introduction of adherence to this policy as a quality metric in anesthesia [7, 8]. There is significant variability in practice patterns across provider volume and experience, institutional volume, and region of the United States. Providers with a higher frequency of obstetric anesthesia administration and less years in practice, and institutions with more annual deliveries were more likely to administer preincision antibiotic prophylaxis. The Southwest has the highest rates of administering preincision antibiotic prophylaxis.
Since the C-SOAP trial was published in 2016 demonstrating a reduction in postoperative infectious complications for women undergoing intrapartum cesarean deliveries who receive adjunctive azithromycin, ACOG stated in September 2018 that adjunctive azithromycin can be considered by providers in women undergoing unscheduled cesarean delivery [4, 9]. Our survey, performed prior to the ACOG update in November 2017, demonstrates that a minority of anesthesiologists administered adjunctive azithromycin for unscheduled cesarean deliveries prior to the practice bulletin change. There is significant variability in practice patterns across provider experience, institutional volume, and region of the United States. Providers with less years in practice and institutions with more annual deliveries were more likely to administer adjunctive azithromycin. The Midwest had the highest rates of adjunctive azithromycin use.
Postoperative infectious morbidity is higher in morbidly obese women as compared to women with a normal BMI, up to 3- to 5-fold [10, 11]. Potential reasons for higher infectious complication in obesity include decreased tissue perfusion, higher diabetes/glucose levels, and lower relative concentration of antibiotics in morbidly obese women [12, 13]. Because of these findings, it has been postulated that an increased dose of cefazolin for antibiotic prophylaxis in morbidly obese women could increase tissue concentration and subsequently decrease postoperative infection [14]. ACOG updated their practice bulletin in September 2018 to suggest a dose of 3 g for women greater than 120 kg [4]. In our study, conducted prior to the ACOG practice bulletin update in November 2017, we found that a minority of providers use 3 g in morbidly obese women. There is significant variability in practice patterns across provider experience, institutional volume, and region of the United States. Providers with less years in practice and institutions with more annual deliveries were more likely to administer 3 g of cefazolin in morbidly obese women. The Midwest had the highest rates of use.
Given the methodology of this study, there are several inherent limitations. Surveys have intrinsic selection bias, particularly nonresponse bias in that responders may be systematically different than nonresponders. This may overestimate or underestimate the measures evaluated in this study and therefore ultimately interfere with validity of the study. Additionally, the true denominator of surveyed ASA members is unclear, as we do not know the number of providers who either did not see nor have the ability to access the survey link prior to closure. These limitations are inherent to electronic survey methodology and unavoidable in this study. Additionally, we relied on the honesty of survey respondents to answer the questions truthfully and were unable to validate their response against medical administration records. The response rate was also relatively low but consistent with similar medical e-mail surveys.
Quality metrics in anesthesia are developed to ensure patients receive the highest quality anesthesia care, provide benchmarks to track over time, and measure how practice patterns influence outcomes. Preincision antibiotic administration has commonly been included in anesthesia quality metrics as a process measure [8, 15]. The current high rate of preincision antibiotic administration calls into question whether it still remains a valid and useful quality metric for obstetric anesthesia. We postulate that a 95% benchmark is a successful measure. Given the emergent nature of some cesarean deliveries with higher clinical priorities which require quick attention, 100% adherence may not be feasible or clinically possible. Further research is required to understand the specific role of quality metrics and their relationship with quality care in obstetric anesthesia.
5. Conclusions
In summary, adherence to preincision antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery is very high, which is a significant improvement from the same survey conducted 5 years earlier, highlighting the importance of serial surveys over time to assess trends and guideline/information dissemination. This data challenges the use of preincision antibiotic adherence as a discriminator of anesthesia quality and suggests the need to think critically about current and proposed metrics. Additionally, a minority of anesthesiologists have implemented adjunctive azithromycin for intrapartum cesarean deliveries and 3 g of cefazolin for prophylaxis in morbidly obese women. It will be important to continue to track these process measures over time and correlate with obstetric outcomes as we continue to perform quality improvement work in an effort to reduce maternal morbidity .
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Disclosure
This paper was presented at the 50th Annual Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Meeting in Miami, Florida, May 9–13, 2018. This work was performed as part of employment at Duke University
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Materials
Online Survey.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Online Survey.
Data Availability Statement
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.