Abstract
As an important insect pest on desert vegetation, Neoris haraldi has already brought great damage on Populus euphratica that was a key plant in the desert areas. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of N. haraldi has been sequenced with 15,383 bp in length. The mitogenome has a base composition of A (39.4%), T (40.3%), C (12.4%), and G (7.9%), and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and an A + T-rich region. The phylogenetic relationships among the saturniid species were (Neoris haraldi+ ((Attacus atlas+ (Samia cynthia + (Samia canningi + Samia ricini))) + ((Eriogyna pyretorum + Saturnia boisduvalii) + ((Actias artemis + Actias selene) + (Antheraea assama+ (Antheraea frithi + (Antheraea pernyi Antheraea yamamai))))))), which was supported by a high bootstrap value of 100% and a posterior probability of 1.00.
Keywords: Neoris haraldi Schawerda, mitochondrial genome, Saturniidae, evolutionary relationships
As an important insect pest on desert vegetation, Neoris haraldi Schawerda is widely distributed in Xinjiang, Shannxi, Gansu Provinces in China (Kereman et al. 2009). It has already brought great damage on Populus euphratica that is a key plant in the desert areas. Here, the mitochondrial genome of N. haraldi with its evolutionary position was sequenced and analysed. In September 2015, the female adult of N. haraldi was collected by Liu-Sheng Chen from Ku’erle city, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and preserved in Shihezi University, Shihezi city, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.
The genomic DNA of N. haraldi was extracted and stored in Shihezi University for sequencing. The primers reported by Gu et al. (2016) were used for amplifying the complete mitogenome. The fragments were proof-read and assembled by the program Geneious 8.12 (Kearse et al. 2012), and the automatic annotation was done using by the online-program MITOS (Bernt et al. 2013). The complete mitogenomes of 12 statruniid species as ingroups, and one bombycid species and one sphingid species as outgroups were obtained from NCBI. The conserved regions of the putative amino acids from all 13 PCGs excluded the stop codons were filtrated by the software Gblock 0.91b with default settings. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed by maximum likelihood (ML) with 1000 replications and Bayesian inference (BI) with running for 10,000,000 generations.
The entire mitogenome of N. haraldi has closed circular molecule with 15,383 bp in length (GenBank accession number MF664471), and a base composition of A (39.4%), T (40.3%), C (12.4%), and G (7.9%). It encoded 37 genes consisting of 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes, as well as containing a putative A + T-rich region. Almost all of the PCGs started with ATN except cox1 with CGA. Additionally, two PCGs (cox1, cox2) have a single stop codon T, and the other 11 PCGs have the complete stop codon TAA. A + T-rich region is located between rrnS1 and trnM with 417 bp in length and has a high AT content of 90.9%. A conserved structure consisting of the motif ‘ATAGA’ was present in the downstream 19 bp of rrnS1, and three microsatellites ‘(AT)5’, ‘(AT)8’, and ‘(AT)8’ were located at the 163, 122,66 bp upstream of trnM, respectively.
The evolutionary relationships among the saturniid species were reconstructed, and the topological structures of the BI and ML trees were identical (Figure 1). The Saturniidae species were strongly supported as a monophyletic clade by the bootstrap value of 100% and the posterior probability of 1.00, and the phylogenetic position of N. haraldi among the family Saturniidae was Neoris haraldi+ ((Attacus atlas+ (Samia cynthia+ (Samia canningi+ Samia ricini))) + ((Eriogyna pyretorum+ Saturnia boisduvalii) + ((Actias artemis+ Actias selene) + (Antheraea assama+ (Antheraea frithi+ (Antheraea pernyi+ Antheraea yamamai)))))), which was supported as a monophyletic clade by a bootstrap value of 100% and a posterior probability of 1.00. The newly determined mitogenome is useful for understanding the evolution of the desert saturniid pest.
Figure 1.
Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogram constructed using 13 PCGs of mitogenomes with partitioned models. Numbers above each node indicate the ML bootstrap support values and the BI posterior probability. All the species’ accession numbers in this study are listed as below: Actias artemis KF_927042, Actias selene NC_018133, Ampelophaga rubiginosa NC_035431, Antheraea assama NC_030270, Antheraea frithi NC_027071, Antheraea pernyi NC_004622, Antheraea yamamai NC_012739, Attacus atlas NC_021770, Eriogyna pyretorum NC_012727, Neoris haraldi MF664471, Rondotia menciana NC_021962, Samia canningi NC_024270, Samia cynthia KC812618, Samia ricini NC_017869, Saturnia boisduvalii NC_010613.
Acknowledgements
We are especially grateful to Mr. Yu-Heng Wu (Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha City, China) for analysing data in the laboratory.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
References
- Bernt M, Donath A, Juhling F, Externbrink F, Florentz C, Fritzsch G, Putz J, Middendorf M, Stadler P.. 2013. MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 69:313–319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gu XS, Ma L, Wang X, Huang GH.. 2016. Analysis on the complete mitochondrial genome of Andracatheae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea). J Insect Sci. 16:105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, et al. 2012. Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics. 28:1647–1649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kereman, Yue CY, Zhang XP, Alimu M, Zhao M, Liu AH, Jiao SP, Ma PP.. 2009. Study on Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura to control Neoris haraldi Schawerda. Chin J Biol Control. 25(Suppl.1):12–14. [Google Scholar]