Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the Leadhued skate Notoraja tobitukai (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatidae) was determined. It was a circular molecule (16, 799 bp), consisted of 37 genes with a typical gene order in vertebrate mitogenome. In the whole mitogenome, there were 24 bp short intergenic and 26 bp overlaps. The nucleotide composition was 32.3% A, 22.6% C, 13.1% G and 32.0% T. Two start codons (GTG and ATG) and two stop codons (TAG, TAA/T––) were used in the protein-coding genes. The 22 tRNA genes ranged from 65 bp (tRNA-Cys) to 75 bp (tRNA-Leu1). The phylogenetic result showed that N. tobitukai was clustered with the Pavoraja nitida.
Keywords: Arhynchobatidae, Notoraja tobitukai, Arhynchobatidae, Rajiformes
The Leadhued skate Notoraja tobitukai is distributed in the Northwest Pacific, from Japan and Okinawa Trough to East China Sea and Taiwan (McEachran & Dunn 1998). This deep-sea species are oviparous in which eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Breder & Rosen 1966). In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of N. tobitukai for the first time and analyzed the phylogenetic relationship in Rajiformes.
One specimen of N. tobitukai was captured from South China sea and preserved in the Museum of Marine biology in Wenzhou Medical University (voucher: NH2011071608). The experimental protocol and data analysis methods followed Chen et al. (2015). Including N. tobitukai, 13 species of Rajiformes with the complete mitogenomes available in the Genbank, were selected to construct the phylogenetic tree using the Bayesian method. The outgroups were Dasyatis akajei and Dasyatis bennetti (Myliobatoformes).
The complete mitochondrial sequence of N. tobitukai was 16,799 bp (GenBank accession KX150853), consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and a noncoding control region, with the gene order identical to that of typical vertebrates. The nucleotide composition was: 32.3% A, 32.0% T, 22.6% C and 13.1% G. The A + T content (64.3%) was higher than the G + C content (35.7%). Its whole mitogenome had 24 bp short intergenic spaces located in 12 gene junctions and 26 bp overlaps located in 7 gene junctions. The 13 protein-coding genes used two start codons (GTG and ATG) as well as two stop codons (TAG and TAA/T––), and most of them shared common initial codon ATG and terminal codon TAA/T––. The COI gene owned a nonstandard initial codon GTG, which was common in vertebrates (Slack et al. 2003). The COII and ND4 genes were terminated with a single T, which could be extended to complete TAA through polyadenylation in transcriptions (Ojala et al. 1981). Both 12S rRNA (965 bp) and 16S rRNA (1677 bp) genes were between tRNA-Phe and tRNA-Leu1 genes, separated by tRNA-Val gene. A noncoding sequence (30 bp) associated with the putative L-strand replication origin (OL) located between tRNA-Asn and tRNA-Cys in the WANCY. The control region was 1154 bp, presenting a high A + T content (70.5%).
Within the Rajiformes, 13 available species divided into three families with the (Rhinobatidae + (Rajidae + Arhynchobatidae)) relationship, which were consistented to the morphological result (McEachran & Dunn 1998). The topology showed that three families and all genera were monophyletic. Notoraja tobitukai was sister to the Pavoraja nitida clade, then this clade was clustered to Atlantoraja castelnaui (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic position of N. tobitukai.
Dasyatis akajei (NC_021132.1) and D. bennetti (KC633222.1) were selected as the outgroup. The 13 species of Rajiformes were Rhina ancylostoma (KU721837), Rhynchobatus australiae (KU746824), Rhinobatos hynnicephalus (NC_022841.1), Rhacophorus schlegelii (NC_023951.1), Hongeo koreana (NC_021963.1), Raja pulchra (NC_025498.1), Raja rhina (KC914434.1), Okamejei hollandi (KP756687.1), Okamejei kenojei (NC_007173.1), Sinobatis borneensis (KX014715), Atlantoraja castelnaui (NC_025942.1), Notoraja tobitukai (KX150853) and Pavoraja nitida (NC_024599.1).
Acknowledgments
Disclosure statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this paper.
Funding information
This study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province (2013F50015).
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