Abstract
Introduction
Hypertension is a very common risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). In recent time, changes in lifestyle has led to an increase in the prevalence of hypertension, which has increased the risk of ED. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of ED in hypertensive patients and compare various domains of sexual activity between hypertensive and normotensive participants.
Methods
This case-control study was conducted in an outpatient department of a tertiary health care hospital in Pakistan from March 2019 to September 2019. Two hundred and twelve clinically diagnosed hypertensive patients were enrolled and were identified as case group. Control group consisted of 212 people, without any history of hypertension. Sexual function was assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF).
Results
The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in hypertensive group was 61.79%, compared to 20.28% in normotensive group. Erectile weakness (OR = 4.32, CI 2.64-7.05), impaired morning erection (OR = 5.02, CI 2.98-8.47), complete erectile failure (OR = 2.32, CI 1.14-4.75), impaired spontaneous erection (OR = 5.45, CI 3.28-9.03), ejaculatory disturbances (OR = 5.20, CI 2.96-9.12) and reduced sexual interest (OR = 5.12, CI 3.04-8.64) were found to be significantly higher in patients with hypertension compared to normotensive participants.
Conclusion
This study has found ED to be prevalent in hypertensive patients. Identifying and acknowledging hypertension as a risk factor may help identify patients with ED and reinforce the clinician's importance of asking sexual history of hypertensive patients.
Keywords: erectile dysfunction, hypertension, sexual dysfunction
Introduction
Prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) ranges from 3% to 76.5% in various part of world [1]. ED is defined as the inability to reach or maintain penile erection adequate for sexual intercourse; it has a negative impact on the sexual quality of life of men and their partners [2,3]. Prevalence of ED is expected to rise in the upcoming years due to increase in the life expectancy and aging of the population [4]. Common risk factors for ED include individual’s general health status, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and psychiatric/psychological disorders [2,5].
HTN, considered one of the most hazardous cardiovascular risk factors, is a frequent finding in men with ED, with 30%-50% of hypertensive; men have erectile dysfunction [5]. Multiple pathogeneses have been identified that link HTN and ED including involvement of Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (Rho/ROCK) pathway, endothelial dysfunction, arteriolosclerosis, and side effects of antihypertensive medications [5]. According to The National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP), 18% of the adults in Pakistan have hypertension, with the incidence increasing to 33% in people above 45 years of age [6]. High prevalence of hypertension is due to high rate of urbanization where diets high in salts, calories, saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables are consumed [7]. A study from 2003, compared the prevalence of ED in hypertensive men from three countries and found hypertensive men in Pakistan have much higher rate (80.8%) of ED, compared to Nigeria (57.4%) and Egypt (63.6%) [8]. Despite hypertension being very prevalent among Pakistani men, its effect on erectile function is not well studied. In this study, we will calculate the prevalence of ED and other parameters of sexual function in hypertensive men in Pakistan.
Materials and methods
This case-control study was conducted in the outpatient department of tertiary healthcare hospital in Pakistan from March 2019 to September 2019. Two hundred and twelve known hypertensive patients were selected through consecutive convenient non-probability sampling and were identified as case group. Control group consisted of two hundred and twelve normotensive people, who visited the outpatient department as patients attendants. inclusion criteria for both case and control group were male above 40 years.
Age, gender, BMI, and smoking status were noted in a self-structured questionnaire. Sexual function was assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) [8]. After taking their informed consent, participants filled the questionnaire with IIEF themselves. A questionnaire in the local language was given and guidance was provided to participants when needed. The responses to IIEF questions were rated on 5-point scale. Total possible maximum score was 25; higher score indicating better sexual function (Table 1).
Table 1. Sexual function assessed with the International Index of Erectile Function.
| International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Score | Severity of Erectile Dysfunction |
| 22 to 25 | No |
| 17 to 21 | Mild |
| 12 to 16 | Moderate |
| 1 to 11 | Severe |
Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Student T-test was performed to test the significance of difference between mean values. Chi-square was performed to test differences in categorical values between two or more groups. P-value of less than 0.05 meant that null hypothesis is not valid.
Results
In our study, 36.79% participants in hypertensive men were obese and 24.53% in normotensive group were obese. The most common age group in both groups was 60 years and older. In this study, the prevalence of ED was found to be 61.79% in hypertensive group; while in normotensive group, it was 20.28%. Severe ED was found in 24.53% in hypertensive group, while it was 5.66% in normotensive group (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparison of characteristics between case and control group.
SD: standard deviation; NS: not significant.
| Variable | Hypertensive men (n=212) | Normotensive men (n=212) | P-value |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 55 ± 12 | 54 ± 12 | NS |
| Age group | |||
| 30-39 years | 12 (5.66%) | 15 (7.08%) | NS |
| 40-49 years | 53 (25.0%) | 49 (23.11%) | |
| 50-59 years | 52 (24.53%) | 50 (23.58%) | |
| 60 years and more | 95 (44.81%) | 98 (46.23%) | |
| Body mass Index | |||
| Normal weight (< 25 kg/m2) | 70 (33.02%) | 100 (47.17%) | 0.004 |
| Overweight (25-30 kg/m2) | 64 (30.19%) | 60 (28.30%) | |
| Obese (> 30 kg/m2) | 78 (36. 79%) | 52 (24.53%) | |
| Smoking Status | |||
| Never smoker | 101 (47.64%) | 143 (67.45%) | <0.00001 |
| Ex-smoker | 34 (16.04%) | 28 (13.21%) | |
| Current Smoker | 77 (36.32%) | 41 (19.34%) | |
| Erectile Dysfunction | |||
| Yes (<21) | 131 (61.79%) | 43 (20.28%) | <0.00001 |
| No (22-25) | 81 (38.21%) | 169 (79.72%) | |
| Severe of Erectile dysfunction | |||
| Severe (1-11) | 52 (24.53%) | 12 (5.66%) | <0.00001 |
| Moderate (12-16) | 38 (17.92%) | 21 (9.91%) | |
| Mild (17-21) | 41 (19.34%) | 10 (4.72%) | |
| None (22-25) | 81 (38.21%) | 169 (79.92%) | |
Comparison of prevalence of dysfunction in various domains of sexual activity between both groups as assessed by IIEF shows that prevalence of all sexual dysfunction was higher in hypertensive group compared to normotensive group. Erectile weakness (OR = 4.32, CI 2.64-7.05), impaired morning erection (OR = 5.02, CI 2.98-8.47), complete erectile failure (OR = 2.32, CI 1.14-4.75), impaired spontaneous erection (OR = 5.45, CI 3.28-9.03), ejaculatory disturbances (OR = 5.20, CI 2.96-9.12) and reduced sexual interest (OR = 5.12, CI 3.04-8.64) were significantly higher in patients with hypertension compared to normotensive participants (Table 3).
Table 3. Comparison of the prevalence of dysfunction in various domains of sexual activity as assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function.
| Sexual dysfunction domain | Hypertensive men (n=212) | Normotensive men (n=212) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% confidence interval | P-value |
| Erectile Weakness | |||||
| Present | 82 (38.68%) | 27 (12.74%) | 4.32 | 2.64-7.05 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 130 (61.32%) | 185 (87.26%) | |||
| Impaired morning erection | |||||
| Present | 78 (36.79%) | 22 (10.38%) | 5.02 | 2.98-8.47 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 134 (63.21%) | 190 (89.62%) | |||
| Complete erectile failure | |||||
| Present | 26 (12.26%) | 12 (5.66%) | 2.32 | 1.14-4.75 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 186 (87.74%) | 200 (94.34%) | |||
| Impaired spontaneous erection | |||||
| Present | 87 (41.04%) | 24 (11.32%) | 5.45 | 3.28-9.03 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 125 (58.96%) | 188 (88.68%) | |||
| Ejaculatory disturbances | |||||
| Present | 69 (32.55%) | 18 (8.49%) | 5.20 | 2.96-9.12 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 143 (67.45%) | 194 (91.51%) | |||
| Reduced Sexual interest | |||||
| Present | 79 (37.26%) | 22 (10.38%) | 5.12 | 3.04-8.64 | <0.0001 |
| Absent | 133 (62.74%) | 190 (89.62%) | |||
Discussion
Study of ED pathophysiology, its risk factors, and treatment are important to overcome the lack of self-esteem, better relationship with partner and overall health of male patient [9-11]. In this study we analyzed the relationship of hypertension with ED and hypertension and assessed the overall sexual performance of 212 hypertensive Pakistani men, aged 30 and above, using IIEF, by comparing it normotensive participants.
In present study, ED was found in 61.79% patients with hypertension versus 20.28% in normotensive (p < 0.0001). The result is comparable with another study, where Burchardt et al. found out 68.3% of hypertensive male patients has some degree of ED. Assessing via IIEF, Burchardt et al., observed that hypertensive patients reported high severity of ED (45.2% in hypertensives versus 10% in a general population) [12]. We also encountered a similar observation in our study in which 24.53% hypertensive patients reported severe ED compared to 5.66% in normotensive group. Giuliano and his colleagues reported the same pattern where they found out that out of 67% hypertensive patients that reported ED, 80% patients classified the symptoms as bothersome [13]. The results from all these studies suggest a higher prevalence of ED in hypertensive patient with more severe symptoms reported of ED among hypertensive patients than normotensive population.
Another way to look at it is the prevalence rate of HTN in ED patients. In this regard, Sun et al. reported that 41% of ED had HTN versus 19% in age-matched men without ED [14]. Another study examined 272,325 patients with ED and observed that 42% of the patients had HTN. Moreover, this study also demonstrated that 42% of these men had hyperlipidemia, 20% had DM and 11% had depression. These studies suggest that there may be a causal relationship between CVD and ED [15].
The physiology behind erection consists of nitric oxide (NO) production that activates via cGMP pathway resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of arteries and arterioles, which expands the sinusoids of corpus cavernosa by filling them with blood [16]. The mechanism by which HTN results in ED can be understood is by the fact that long-standing HTN results in endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction impairs the ability of arteries and arterioles to dilate properly and weaken the interaction of NO with smooth muscle causing a decrease in relaxation [17,18]. Another contributing factor of ED can be the antihypertensive drugs [18]. Several studies have shown that antihypertensive drugs such as thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers are well known in the development of ED. However, other anti-hypertensive therapies such as calcium channel blocker, alpha-blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors report little to no effect on sexual function [18-20]. Current guidelines recommend exploring symptoms of ED before initiating antihypertensive, assessing the symptoms during the treatment, stopping and substituting the offending drug with another antihypertensive when the symptoms of ED manifests, intervening with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, and avoid concomitant use of nitrates and PDE-5 inhibitors in the patient due to fear of severe hypotension [21].
ED is very prevalent in hypertensive men in Pakistan. It is an important assessment about sexual function that should be made a routine part of management of hypertensive patients. Patients should be counselled about ED as a complication of hypertension and adverse event of various anti-hypertensive medications.
Conclusions
In our study, we also compared the prevalence of dysfunction in various domains of sexual activity in hypertensive versus normotensive patients. All domains including erectile weakness, impaired morning erection, complete erectile failure, impaired spontaneous erection, ejaculatory disturbances and reduced sexual interest were significantly higher in patients with HTN compared to normotensive participants.
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Human Ethics
Consent was obtained by all participants in this study. Bolan Medical Complex issued approval Bmc/2018/57
Animal Ethics
Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.
References
- 1.The global prevalence of erectile dysfunction: a review. Kessler A, Sollie S, Challacombe B, et al. BJU Int. 2019;124:587–599. doi: 10.1111/bju.14813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Erectile dysfunction and hypertension: impact on cardiovascular risk and treatment. Javaroni V, Neves MF. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:627278. doi: 10.1155/2012/627278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Improving the sexual quality of life of couples affected by erectile dysfunction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vardenafil. Fisher WA, Rosen RC, Mollen M, et al. J Sex Med. 2005;2:699–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00119.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. Lewis RW, Fugl-Meyer KS, Corona G, et al. J Sex Med. 2010;7:1598–1607. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01778.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Modifying risk factors in the management of erectile dysfunction: a review. DeLay KJ, Haney N, Hellstrom WJ. World J Mens Health. 2016;34:89–100. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.2016.34.2.89. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Ethnic subgroup differences in hypertension in Pakistan. Jafar TH, Levey AS, Jafary FH, et al. J Hypertens. 2003;21:905–912. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.The burden and high prevalence of hypertension in Pakistani adolescents: a meta-analysis of the published studies. Shah N, Shah N, Shah Q, Shah AJ. Arch Public Health. 2018;76:20. doi: 10.1186/s13690-018-0265-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its correlates among men attending primary care clinics in three countries: Pakistan, Egypt, and Nigeria. Shaeer KZ, Osegbe DN, Siddiqui SH, et al. Int J Impot Res. 2003;15:0. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900971. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Sexual dysfunction and male infertility. Lotti F, Maggi M. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15:287–307. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2018.20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Does male factor infertility impact on self-esteem and sexual relationship? Jamil S, Shoaib M, Aziz W, et al. Andrologia. 2020;52:0. doi: 10.1111/and.13460. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Modifying risk factors to prevent and treat erectile dysfunction. Glina S, Sharlip ID, Hellstrom WJ. J Sex Med. 2013;10:115–119. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02816.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Hypertension is associated with severe erectile dysfunction. Burchardt M, Burchardt T, Baer L, et al. J Urol. 2000;164:1188–1191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Prevalence of erectile dysfunction among 7689 patients with diabetes or hypertension, or both. Giuliano FA, Leriche A, Jaudinot EO, et al. Urology. 2004;64:1196–1201. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.08.059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Are men with erectile dysfunction more likely to have hypertension than men without erectile dysfunction? A naturalistic national cohort study. Sun P, Swindle R. J Urol. 2005;174:244–248. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000162050.84946.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.The prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and depression in men with erectile dysfunction. Seftel AD, Sun P, Swindle R. J Urol. 2004;171:2341–2345. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000125198.32936.38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Normal erectile function. Ralph DJ. Clin Cornerstone. 2005;7:13–18. doi: 10.1016/s1098-3597(05)80044-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Konukoglu D, Uzun H. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:511–540. doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Erectile dysfunction and hypertension. Kloner R. Int J Impot Res. 2007;19:296–302. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Antihypertensive therapy causes erectile dysfunction. Chrysant SG. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2015;30:383–390. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Effects of antihypertensive agents on sexual function. Weiss RJ. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1684081/. Am Fam Physician. 1991;44:2075–2082. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Antihypertensive drugs and male sexual dysfunction: a review of adult hypertension guideline recommendations. Al Khaja KA, Sequeira RP, Alkhaja AK, et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2016;21:233–244. doi: 10.1177/1074248415598321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]