Table 5.
Baseline characteristics and size of BCG-scar 13 month after neonatal BCG vaccination among the 1857 BCG-vaccinated children in the Danish Calmette Study who developed a scar.
| Determinants | Median (IQR) |
Crude (N = 2039) |
Adjusted∗ (N = 1793) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P50 (P25–P75) | Difference in median/cm. | 95 % CI | p-value | Difference in median/cm. | 95 % CI | p-value∗∗ | |||
| External determinants | Study site | Hvidovre hospital | 0.45 (0.35–0.60) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | ||||
| Rigshospitalet | 0.50 (0.40–0.60) | 0.05 | (0.03–0.07) | <0.001 | 0.04 | (0.01–0.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Kolding hospital | 0.40 (0.33–0.55) | -0.05 | (-0.07 to -0.03) | -0.02 | (-0.05 to 0.02) | ||||
| Vaccine batch | 1. "112032A″ | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| 2. "111046B″ | 0.50 (0.35–0.60) | 0.05 | (0.03–0.07) | <0.001 | 0.03 | (-0.01 to 0.08) | 0.21 | ||
| Vaccinator experience | 0 to 9 | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| 10 to 49 | 0.44 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | <0.001 | -0.01 | (-0.04 to 0.02) | <0.001 | ||
| 50 to 99 | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | 0.02 | (-0.02 to 0.05) | ||||
| ≥ 100 | 0.50 (0.40–0.60) | 0.05 | (0.02–0.08) | 0.05 | (0.01–0.09) | ||||
| Parental determinants | Maternal age at delivery | <27 years | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | ||||
| 27-32 years | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | 1.00 | -0.01 | (-0.04 to 0.02) | 0.74 | ||
| >32 years | 0.45 (0.35–0.60) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | -0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | ||||
| Maternal BCG | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | 0.77 | -0.01 | (-0.03 to 0.02) 0.64 | |||
| Parental smokingb | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | 1.00 | 0.00 | (-0.02 to 0.03) 0.86 | |||
| Atopic dispositionc | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.48 (0.35–0.58) | 0.03 | (0.00–0.05) | 0.04 | 0.02 | (0.00–0.04) 0.02 | |||
| Other children <4 years of age in the homed | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | 1.00 | 0.01 | (-0.02 to 0.03) | 0.53 | ||
| Individual determinants | Sex | Boys | 0.48 (0.35–0.60) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | ||||
| Girls | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | -0.03 | (-0.04 to -0.01) | 0.01 | -0.01 | (-0.03 to 0.01) | 0.28 | ||
| Prematurity | <37 weeks | 0.48 (0.33–0.60) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| ≥37 weeks | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | -0.03 | (-0.11 to 0.06) | 0.55 | -0.03 | (-0.08 to 0.03) | 0.37 | ||
| Birth weight | <2500 g | 0.45 (0.31–0.60) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| ≥2500 g | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.00 | (-0.09 to 0.09) | 1.00 | 0.02 | (-0.05 to 0.08) | 0.61 | ||
| Caesarean section | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | 1.00 | 0.01 | (-0.02 to 0.03) | 0.61 | ||
| Child age at BCG vaccination | Day 0-1 | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| Day 2-7 | 0.45 (0.35–0.60) | 0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | 1.00 | -0.02 | (-0.04 to 0.01) | 0.14 | ||
| Danish ethnicitye | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.58) | 0.00 | (-0.04 to 0.04) | 0.86 | 0.01 | (-0.01 to 0.04) | 0.53 | ||
| Exclusively breastfeeda | Yes | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35–0.60) | 0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | 1.00 | -0.00 | (-0.02 to 0.02) | 0.89 | ||
| Mid-upper arm circumferencef | 1 | 0.40 (0.30–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| 2 | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.05 | 0.03 to 0.07) | <0.001 | 0.03 | (0.00–0.06) | 0.09 | ||
| 3 | 0.45 (0.35–0.60) | 0.05 | (0.03–0.07) | 0.03 | (0.00–0.06) | ||||
| 4 | 0.50 (0.38–0.60) | 0.1 | (0.08–0.12) | 0.04 | (0.00–0.07) | ||||
| Δweightg | 1 | 0.43 (0.33–0.55) | 0 (ref.) | 0 (ref.) | |||||
| 2 | 0.45 (0.35–0.55) | 0.03 | (0.00–0.05) | <0.001 | -0.00 | (-0.03 to 0.03) | 0.20 | ||
| 3 | 0.48 (0.35–0.60) | 0.05 | (0.03–0.07) | 0.02 | (-0.01 to 0.05) | ||||
| 4 | 0.50 (0.38–0.60) | 0.08 | (0.05–0.10) | 0.03 | (-0.00 to 0.07) | ||||
Analysis adjusted for study site, vaccine batch, vaccine experience, maternal age at delivery, maternal BCG vaccination, parental smoking, atopic disposition, other children <4 years of age in the home, sex, prematurity, birth weight, caesarean section, child age at BCG vaccination, ethnicity, exclusively breastfeed, mid-upper arm circumference and Δweight. N = 1793.
Wald test.
Exclusively breastfeed: breastfeeding in the first 3 months of life.
Smoking: all types of smoking by parents included as well as inside and outside smoking in the first 12 month of life.
Atopic disposition: at least one first degree relative with atopic disease (physician-diagnosed atopic eczema, asthma or asthmatic bronchitis, allergic rhino conjunctivitis or food allergy).
Any other children <4 years of age in the house at least 5 days a week.
Danish ethnicity or other ethnicity.
Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) is divided in quartiles: 1) 12.1 cm–14.9 cm, 2) 14.9 cm–15.6 cm, 3) 15.6 cm–16.5 cm and 4) 16.5 cm–20 cm.
Δweight: gain in weight from birth to the 13-month clinical examination; divided in quantiles: 1) 3415 g–6042 g, 2) 6044 g–6688 g, 3) 6689 g–7460 g, 4) 7464 g–10910 g.