Table 1.
Summary of included studies
| Author | Implant |
Animal |
Follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Material | Surface treatment | Antibiotics | Deposition technology | Type | N∗ | Surgical site | Infection model | ||
| Adams et al. (2009) | Ti6Al4V | Anodized | Vancomycin | Sol-gel | Rat | 11 | F | S. aureus (NR strain origin) | 1, 2, 3, 4w |
| Alt et al. (2014) | Ti6Al4V | Machined | Rifampicin + Fosfomycin |
Ink-jet | Rab | 22 (11 MSSA+ 11 MRSA) | T |
S. aureus (MSSA EDCC5055) (MRSA T6625930) |
4w |
| Antoci et al. (2007) | Ti6Al4V | Machined | Vancomycin | Covalently link | Rat | 9 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 1, 2, 3w |
| Auñón et al. (2020) | Ti6Al4V | TiO2 nanotubes | Gentamicin + Vancomycin |
Drug adsorption | Rab | 20 | F | S. aureus (Human Sa5) | 4w |
| Aykut et al. (2010) | cpTi | Si-sandblasted | Clindamycin or Teicoplanin | Spraying | Rab | 30 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 29123) | 1w |
| Badar et al. (2015) | Ti6Al4V | Porous | Ciprofloxacin | Layered double hydroxides suspension | Mic | 12 | S | P. aeruginosa (PAO1 CTX::lux) | 4h |
| Croes et al. (2018) | cpTi | Porous Porous + CS |
Vancomycin | Electrophoretic deposition | Rat | 18 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 4w |
| Darouiche et al. (2007) | Ti6Al4V | Si-sandblasted | Minocycline + Rifampin |
Spraying | Rab | 25 | F | S. aureus (P1 – variation of ATCC 25923) | 1w |
| Diefenbeck et al. (2016) | Ti6Al4V | Plasmachemical oxidation | Gentamicin | Immobilization (TA or SDS) | Rat | 15 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 4w |
| Ghimire et al. (2019) | Ti6Al4V | Dopamine methacrylate + PEGDMA-Oligo HYD | Vancomycin | Covalently bond | Mic | 22 | F | S. aureus (Xen 29) | 3w |
| Grohmann et al. (2019) | cpTi | Sandblasted and etched | Gentamicin | Polyelectrolyte adsorption (PEM + + PGA/HEP) | Rat | 30 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 4w |
| Janson et al. (2019) | cpTi | Anodization + alkaly treatment + HA | Tobramycin | Soaking method | Rab | 5 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) | 9d |
| Jennings et al. (2016) | cpTi | Machined | Vancomycin | Manual application (PH) | Rab | 9 | R | S. aureus (UAMS-1 strain) | 1w |
| Kälicke et al. (2006) | cpTi | PLLA | Rifampicin + Fusidic acid |
Solvent-casting | Rab | 36 | T | S. aureus (V 8189-94) | 4w |
| Kucharíková et al. (2016) | cpTi | Beadblasted and etched | Vancomycin | Covalent immobilization | Mic | NR | S |
S. aureus (SH1000) C. albicans (SC5314) |
2d (fungal) 4d (bacterial) |
| Liu et al. (2017) | cpTi | Machined and nanotubular anodized surface | Gentamicin | Soaking method | Rab | 36 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 6w |
| Lucke et al. (2003) | cpTi | PDLLA | Gentamicin | NR | Rat | 30 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 6w |
| Lucke et al. (2005) | cpTi | Machined or PDLLA | Gentamicin | PDLLA suspension | Rat | 30 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 6w |
| Ma et al. (2017) | cpTi | Machined + NIR light |
Gentamicin | Vacuum drying process onto PEG-MoS2 coating + CS | Rat | 18 | S | S. aureus (NR strain origin) | 1d, 3d, 1w |
| Metsemakers et al. (2015) | cpTi | Anodized + PLEX |
Doxycycline | Spraying | Rab | 28 (12 MSSA +16 MRSA) | H |
S. aureus MSSA (JAR60131) S. aureus MRSA (LUH15101) |
4w |
| Moskowitz et al. (2010) | cpTi | Layer-by-layer | Gentamicin | Polyelectrolyte deposition | Rab | 27 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 4d, 1w |
| Neut et al. (2015) | Ti6Al4V | Al-blasted + HA | Gentamicin | Spraying + PLGA | Rab | 14 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 2d, 1w |
| Nie et al. (2016) | Ti6Al4V | Machined | Enoxacin | Covalent immobilization | Rat | 24 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 43300) | 3w |
| Nie et al. (2017) | Ti6Al4V | Machined | Bacitracin | Immobilization | Rat | 10 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 3w |
| Song et al. (2017) | cpTi | Nanofiber | Doxycycline | Coaxial electrospinning | Rat | 48 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 49230) | 4, 8, 16w |
| Stavrakis et al. (2019) | cpTi | PEG-PPS | Vancomycin or Tigecycline | Encapsulation in PEG-PPS solution | Mic | 18 | F | S. aureus (Xen36) | 6w |
| Thompson et al. (2019) | TiAlNb | Ca-P | Gentamicin | Dip coating | Rat | 18 | T | S. aureus (JAR060131) | 1w |
| Yang et al. (2016) | cpTi | Nanotubes | Gentamicin | Lyophilization + Vacuum-drying | Rat | 9 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 6w |
| Yuan et al. (2018) | cpTi | Machined | Vancomycin | Soaking method on nanotubes coating + catechol functionalization | Rat | 6 | F | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 4w |
| Zeng et al. (2020) | cpTi | Machined +NIR light |
Daptomycin | Immobilization with IR820 dye on PDA nanocoating | Rat | NR | T | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 2w |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | Ti6Al4V | Plasma-sprayed | Vancomycin | Impregnated on the plasma-sprayed coating | Rab | 20 | T | S. aureus MRSA (ATCC 43300) | 6w |
| Zhang et al. (2019) | Ti6Al4V | Machined | Vancomycin | Covalently bond | Mic | 14 | F | S. aureus (Xen29) | 3w |
| Zhou et al. (2017) | Ti6Al4V | PDLLA | Tobramycin | Impregnated on PDLLA coating | Rab | 12 | T | S. aureus (ATCC 25923) | 8w |
Implants and animals data from included experimental studies (author, year; implant: material, surface treatment, antibiotics, deposition technology of the antibiotic; animal: type, sample number, surgical site, infection model; follow-up).
Notes: Implant surface treatment (TiO2, titanium dioxide; Si,Silica; CS, chitosan; PEGDMA, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate; Oligo, oligonucleotide; HYD, hydrogel; HA, hydroxyapatite; PLLA, poly-L-Lactide; PDLLA, poly(D,L-lactide); NIR, near-infrared light; PLEX, polymer-lipid encapsulation matrix; Al, aluminum; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); PPS, poly(propylene sulfide); Ca-P, calcium and phosphorus). Deposition technology (TA, tannic acid; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; PEM, polyelectrolyte multilayer; PL, polycation; PGA, polyanion; HEP, heparin; PH, phosphatidylcholine; NR, not reported; PDLLA, poly(D,L-lactide); PEG, polyethylene glycol; MoS2, molybdenum disulfide; CS, chitosan; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PPS, poly(propylene sulfide); PDA, polydopamine); Animals (Rat, rats; Mic, mices; Rab, rabbits), Sample number (N) (MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; NR, not reported), Surgical site (T, tibia; F, femur; S, subcutaneous; H, humerus; R, radius), Follow-up (h, hour; d, day; w, week). ∗Sample number reported is the total number of infected animals used for microbiological assessments of non-loaded and antibiotic-loaded surfaces.