Abstract
Background
Healthcare workers are at high risk of developing hand eczema. This study aimed to investigate the association between occupational hygiene and self-reported hand eczema among nurses and doctors in Guangzhou.
Methods
A cross-sectional study using a self-administrated questionnaire sent to 740 health care workers in two tertiary hospitals between 1st April and 1st July 2019 was conducted.
Results
In total, 521 healthcare workers responded (70.4%). The prevalence of self-reported hand eczema was 9.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1–12.1%], with 10.8% in nurses and 6.9% in doctors. According to multivariable logistic regression analysis, the prevalence was higher in those who were excessively exposed to hair dye (OR: 3.871, 95% CI: 1.106–13.549) and those having a history of food allergy were at 3.013 (95% CI: 1.314–6.907) times greater risk of having hand eczema than those who did not. The odds of having hand eczema were 4.863 (95% CI: 1.037–22.803) times greater in those who hand washed more than 50 times daily in comparison to those who washed hands less than 10 times per day. The symptoms of hand eczema were mild during the investigation period.
Conclusions
Hand eczema is common among healthcare workers in Guangzhou. The prevention of hand eczema by educational programs is needed for Chinese healthcare workers.
Keywords: Hand eczema, healthcare workers, prevalence, risk factors
Introduction
Hand eczema is a recurrent inflammatory disease characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, scaling, fissures, itch, and pain (1), resulting in cosmetic defects, psychological distress (2,3), and a significant economic burden (4,5). Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology and prognosis of hand eczema and domestic conditions including the use of cleansers and caring for children under 4 years old (6) may exacerbate its prevalence and severity. Heede et al. found that a history of atopic dermatitis, filaggrin gene null mutations and contact sensitization were associated with the persistence of hand eczema (7). The incidence of hand eczema is 5–8% (8) among the general population worldwide. It is more common in healthcare workers, chefs, and hairdressers whose occupations involve heavy wet work (9) and frequent hand washing with a prevalence rate of 6–80% (10) although the risk factors influencing occupational hand eczema have changed over time (11). Hand eczema in healthcare workers may promote the carriage of microorganisms on eczematous skin before transmission to patients (12,13). Healthcare workers have been shown to benefit from skin-care education and individual counseling (14) and in Denmark and Germany an evidence-based skin protection program has been carried out in hospitals (15-18). While the prevalence rate of hand eczema in Harbin, Zhenjiang and Shijiazhuang cities has been reported to be 20% (19), 17.7% (20), and 22.3% (21) respectively, there is little data on its prevalence in health care workers, possibly because little attention is paid to the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence, clinical features, and risk factors of hand eczema among health care workers in Guangzhou, Southern China. We present the following article in accordance with the SURGE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7652).
Methods
Study design and participants
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among nurses and doctors randomly selected from the lists of medical staff in two tertiary hospitals, one general and one dermatology specialized hospital, between1st April and 1st July 2019. There were no exclusion criteria and ethical approval was obtained through the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital Ethics Committee. The researchers approached randomly selected health care workers to explain the study and signed an informed consent form with them. The study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).
Sample size calculation
Calculation of the sample size was based on a Swedish study among physicians and nurses of which the hand eczema prevalence rate was 21.1% (22). The confidence level was 0.95 and the allowed error was 0.03. The two-sided test was performed on PASS version 15 (NCSS, LLC. Kaysville, Utah, USA) and it was determined that 740 participants were required. As the total number of nurses and doctors in the general hospital was 19 times that of the dermatology specialized hospital, 703 and 37 participants respectively from each hospital were randomly selected.
Randomization
Random numbers for each healthcare worker were generated by SPSS version 25 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) software after the random seed was set as 12345 and the uniform distribution on the interval (0, 100). Random numbers were sorted in ascending order and the first 740 healthcare workers then selected.
Questionnaires and hand eczema estimation
The investigators distributed the paper vision of the questionnaire to the randomly selected medical staff and collected the questionnaire on the same day or the next day if partitioners were too busy to fill the questionnaire. No incentives were provided. The questionnaire was modified from the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002) designed for surveying work-related skin disease (23). It was used to obtain demographic data and information on occupational wet work exposure (hand washing, use of soap and alcohol-based hand hygiene solutions, hours wearing disposable gloves), and possible confounding factors (history of allergic disease, lifestyle factors, domestic wet work exposures). Daily hand washing times were categorized as 0–10, 10–20, 20–50 and more than 50 and the number of alcoholic hand disinfectant uses as no more than 5, 6 to 10, and more than 10. The hours of wearing disposable gloves was stratified into three groups: no more than 1 hour, 1–4, 2–6 and more than 6 hours. The number of hours spent looking after children under 4 years old was grouped as no more than 0.5 hours and above.
Self-reported hand eczema was defined as an affirmative answer to the question “Have you had hand eczema during the past 12 months?” Questionnaires without an answer to this question were seen as partial interviews and questionnaires with answers to all questions were regarded as complete interviews. If the response to this question was yes, the following additional questions were asked: ‘Which symptoms do you have, erythema, papule, vesicles, scaling, fissures, itch or pain?’; ‘Do you have eczema in other parts of your body?’; ‘Which season does your hand eczema occur most frequently?’; ‘Did you ever turn to a dermatologist for help?’; ‘Have you changed your behavior to avoid hand eczema?’; ‘How much did it cost to cure your hand eczema?’; ‘To what extent did hand eczema affect your life and work?’; ‘Have you ever changed your profession because of hand eczema?’; ‘Did you ever take sick leave because of hand eczema?’
Participants who reported they currently had hand eczema were invited to take a patch test (Sanming Hezhong Biotechnology Company, Fujian), fluorescence microscopic examination of fungi, trans-epidermal water loss measurement (Gpskin, Neopharm, USA), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scoring, and Hand Eczema Severity Index (HECSI) scoring. The DLQI questionnaire (24), consisting of ten questions, gathered information on the impact of hand eczema on life quality with higher scores indicating a greater impact. The HECSI (25) scoring system assessed the severity (scale 0–3) of six symptoms (erythema, papule, vesical, fissure, scaling, fissure and edema) and lesioned areas (scale 1–4) in five parts of the hand (fingertip, finger, palm, the back and wrist).
Statistics analysis
All data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics version 25.0. The response rate was equal to the number of complete interviews divided by the number of interviews (complete plus partial) plus the number of non-interviews. Quantitative variables were described as the median together with standard deviation, and categorical variables were described as relative frequency and absolute numbers. Quantitative variables were compared by two independent t test and categorical variables by χ2 test. We used binary logistic regression to exam the risk factors for hand eczema. Only variables with P values under 0.2 and hours of wearing disposable gloves were included in multiple regression analyses. Multivariate-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs were given, and a statistical significance set at P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Imputation for missing data was not performed.
Results
Characteristics of participants
Of the 740 invited healthcare workers, 70.4% [524] responded to the questionnaires. After three incomplete surveys without answers to the question “Have you had hand eczema on any occasion during the past 12 months?” were removed, 521 complete surveys remained for further analysis. Females composed 84.5% of respondents, 69.5% were nurses, and 94.8% were from the general hospital. The average age and working years of participants was 32.5±7.9 and 9.8±8.2 years respectively and 60% of respondents reported having a bachelor’s degree (Table 1). Our participants came from 68 departments (data not shown) and no differences were observed in the prevalence of hand eczema among medical staff in different departments.
Table 1. Demographic and work characteristics [n (% of total)].
| Variable | Hand eczema | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (N=471) | Yes (N=50) | ||
| Age (years) | 32.6±7.9 | 32.3±7.9 | 0.803 |
| Sex | 0.151 | ||
| Male | 77 (14.8) | 4 (0.8) | |
| Female | 394 (75.6) | 46 (10.5) | |
| Hospital | 1.000 | ||
| General | 446 (85.6) | 48 (9.2) | |
| Specialized | 25 (4.8) | 2 (8.0) | |
| Profession | 0.363 | ||
| Nurse | 323 (62.0) | 39 (7.5) | |
| Doctor | 148 (28.4) | 11 (2.1) | |
| Education | 0.922 | ||
| Specialty | 81 (15.5) | 7 (1.3) | |
| Undergraduate | 273 (52.4) | 31 (6.0) | |
| Postgraduate | 73 (14.0) | 7 (1.3) | |
| Doctor degree | 44 (8.4) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Working years | 9.7±8.1 | 10.7±9.1 | 0.374 |
| Working shift | 0.898 | ||
| Day shift | 222 (42.6) | 24 (4.6) | |
| Night shifts | 15 (2.9) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Three shifts | 234 (44.9) | 25 (4.7) | |
Risk factors for hand eczema
All variables were analyzed with univariate logistic regression (Table 2 and Table S1) and variables with a P value <0.4 and time spent wearing disposable gloves (hours daily) were simultaneously included in the multivariable model since wearing disposable gloves was reported to be closely related with hand eczema (22). Table 2 shows that the frequent use of hair dye (P=0.011) and presence of food allergy (P=0.002) are the most common and significant risk factors for hand eczema in participants even after the adjustment of multiple variants including sex, hours of wearing disposable gloves, use of soap and alcohol-based hand hygiene solutions, and hours of caring for children. Additionally, with hand washing less than 10 times daily as a reference, the OR and 95% CI of washing hands more than 50 times daily was 4.863 (1.037–22.803).
Table 2. Association between risk factors and hand eczema—logistic regression analysis.
| Variables | Hand eczema | Univariate | Multivariatea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 77 (14.8) | 4 (0.8) | 1 | 0.135 | 1 | 0.155 | ||
| Female | 394 (75.6) | 46 (10.5) | 2.419 (0.760–7.701) | 2.197 (0.742–6.504) | ||||
| Wearing disposable gloves (hours daily) | ||||||||
| ≤1 | 233 (44.7) | 22 (4.2) | 1 | 0.537 | 1 | 0.602 | ||
| 1–4 | 150 (28.8) | 17 (3.2) | 1.264 (0.607–2.631) | 0.531 | 1.273 (0.635–2.551) | 0.496 | ||
| >4 | 88 (16.9) | 11 (2.1) | 1.589 (0.694–3.640) | 0.274 | 1.470 (0.659–3.280) | 0.346 | ||
| Hand washing (times daily) | ||||||||
| ≤10 | 241 (46.4) | 28 (5.4) | 1 | 0.090 | 1 | 0.044 | ||
| 10–20 | 154 (29.8) | 11 (2.1) | 0.606 (0.275–1.336) | 0.214 | 0.538 (0.246–1.177) | 0.120 | ||
| 20–50 | 65 (12.5) | 8 (1.5) | 1.148 (0.456–2.892) | 0.770 | 1.130 (0.468–2.729) | 0.786 | ||
| >50 | 8 (1.5) | 3 (0.6) | 4.760 (0.933–24.296) | 0.061 | 4.863 (1.037–22.803) | 0.045 | ||
| Alcoholic hand disinfectant use (times daily) | ||||||||
| ≤5 | 262 (50.4) | 33 (6.3) | 1 | 0.190 | 1 | 0.274 | ||
| 5–10 | 96 (18.5) | 9 (1.7) | 0.687 (0.291–1.622) | 0.391 | 0.751 (0.334–1.685) | 0.487 | ||
| >10 | 112 (21.5) | 8 (1.5) | 0.431 (0.170–1.091) | 0.076 | 0.481 (0.193–1.194) | 0.114 | ||
| Caring children under 4 years old (hours daily) | ||||||||
| ≤0.5 | 312 (59.9) | 29 (5.6) | 1 | 0.131 | 1 | 0.151 | ||
| >0.5 | 159 (33.8) | 21 (11.7) | 1.643 (0.862–3.131) | 1.574 (0.848–2.923) | ||||
| Frequent use of hair dye | ||||||||
| No | 461 (88.5) | 46 (8.8) | 1 | 0.011 | 1 | 0.034 | ||
| Yes | 10 (1.9) | 4 (0.8) | 6.533 (1.547–27.584) | 3.871 (1.106–13.549) | ||||
| Food allergy | ||||||||
| No | 434 (83.3) | 40 (7.7) | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.009 | ||
| Yes | 37 (7.1) | 10 (1.9) | 3.953 (1.628–9.600) | 3.013 (1.314–6.907) | ||||
| Allergic conjunctivitis | ||||||||
| No | 460 (88.3) | 47 (9.0) | 1 | 0.102 | 1 | 0.181 | ||
| Yes | 11 (2.1) | 3 (0.6) | 3.744 (0.770–18.195) | 2.584 (0.643–10.382) | ||||
a, variables that had a P value <0.2 in the univariate model were simultaneously included in the multivariable model. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Characteristics of hand eczema
The self-reported incidence of hand eczema was 9.6% (34/521) (95% CI: 7.1–12.1%). Of 34 respondents who completed a second questionnaire about their symptoms and clinical history (Table 3), 23 reported seeking help from a dermatologist and all of these were diagnosed as having hand eczema. Skin lesions were reported as mostly located on the fingers apart from the fingertips, a higher incidence was found during winter, and an overall duration of 5 (1–9.5) years and past 12 months duration of 2.5 (0.25–2.5) months was reported. Ten respondents did not take action to protect their hands after being diagnosed and 20 were treated with topical drugs, while three stated their therapy was ineffective. The total annual cost of treatment was reported to be less than 500 yuan (84.8%, 28/33). Hand eczema had slightly limited the lifestyle and affected the daily activities of 22/33 respondents and seriously affected the work and life quality of three. One nurse had changed the department in which she worked, and 19 respondents reported mild depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders because of hand eczema. Patch tests, fluorescence microscopic examination of fungi, DLQI and HECSI scoring were conducted in ten nurses of which seven showed positive patch tests and one displayed a suspicious positive result. While fluorescence microscopic examination of fungi was negative for all ten, the median DLQI, and HECSI scores were 1 (0–2) and 2 (1.5–2.5) respectively. Three pregnant nurses did not take the examinations and other healthcare workers were too busy or reluctant to take the patch test because of the hot weather.
Table 3. Characteristics of hand eczema in healthcare workers.
| Characteristics | n |
|---|---|
| Symptoms | |
| Redness | 10 |
| Vesicles | 0 |
| Swelling | 3 |
| Scale | 9 |
| Fissures | 9 |
| Hyper | 9 |
| Itch | 0 |
| Pain | 4 |
| Locations of lesions | |
| Palms | 2 |
| Dorsum of hands | 14 |
| Fingers (except fingers tips) | 23 |
| Fingers tips | 6 |
| Wrists | 0 |
| Other locations involved | |
| None | 23 |
| Foot | 4 |
| Face | 1 |
| Neck | 3 |
| Trunk | 6 |
| Arm | 7 |
| Which season is hand eczema experienced? | |
| Spring | 4 |
| Summer | 3 |
| Autumn | 1 |
| Winter | 9 |
| The whole year | 21 |
| Ever consulted a dermatologist? | |
| Yes | 23 |
| No | 9 |
| Previous treatment | |
| Topical drugs | 20 |
| Systemic drugs | 5 |
| None | 3 |
| Change of lifestyle | |
| Reducing hand washing | 5 |
| Apply moisturizers after hand washing | 12 |
| Avoid touching irritant materials | 13 |
| None | 11 |
| Cost of hand eczema (yuan/year) | |
| <500 | 28 |
| 500–1,000 | 4 |
| 1,000–3,000 | 1 |
| Impact of hand eczema on life and work | |
| None | 5 |
| Mild | 22 |
| Moderate | 3 |
| Severe | 3 |
| Job change due to hand eczema | |
| No | 33 |
| Yes | 1 |
| Sick leave due to hand eczema | |
| No | 34 |
| Yes | 0 |
Discussion
In China, the prevalence of hand eczema in the general population is 6.99% (26), which is lower than that of Sweden (9.4%) (27), Norway (11.3%) (28) and Denmark (12%). Several studies have reported the prevalence of hand eczema among health workers in different regions. A Swedish study involving 12,288 physicians, nurses and auxiliary nurses reported a prevalence of 21% (response rate 43%) (16), which was higher than the 10.8% seen in our study (response rate 80.2%) and that seen in Indian nurses (6.8%) (29). The incidence of hand eczema among nurses of our study was also lower than that of other Chinese City, including Harbin (19), Zhenjiang (20) and Shijiazhuang (21) cities. The prevalence rate in doctors in our study was 6.9% and the low response rate of 55% was likely due to a lack of participation because of their high workload. A survey among dentists from 309 clinics in Kumamoto City, Japan (response rate 36.2%) showed the prevalence of hand eczema was as high as 36.2% (30). The variability in these results may be due to different sample sizes, representativeness of the samples, and different prevalence rates in different regions due to many factors such as cold and dry climate.
In the current study, an increased prevalence of hand eczema was observed in those with excessive exposure to hair dye, those with food allergy history, and those frequently washing their hands. Hair dye irritates and damages the skin barrier and may lead to the induction and aggravation of hand eczema. In an American online study among 90,488 nurses, eczema was found to be strongly associated with food allergy, asthma, and hay fever (31). However, possibly due to the limited sample size, no correlation between hand eczema and asthma or hay fever was found in our study.
In agreement with the findings of Smith’s study of nurses in Shijiazhuang, China (21) we found no asociation between age, working years, and hours wearing disposable gloves with hand eczema. A previous study suggested a dose-dependent relationship between hand eczema and handwashing with soap and water as well as the use of disposable gloves among healthcare workers (22). Interestingly, no correlation was noted between the use of disinfectants and the prevalence of hand eczema, indicating the use of disinfectants might be a viable substitute for soap and water handwashing in hand eczema patients (32). Indeed, as shown in a Danish clinical trial, washing hands with disinfectants when there is no visible contamination and moisturizer application improved hand eczema (33). A recent American study also identified that sensitization to chlorhexidine-based hand hygiene products in healthcare workers varied from 0–3% (34). This suggests that along with hypersensitivity screening, alternative methods for hand hygiene are required to reduce occupational exposure. More well-designed clinical trials like quasi-experimental and randomized trial, either an individual randomized trial or a cluster randomized trial, reporting an agreed standardized set of outcomes (35), are in need to look at the long-term effect of multifaceted interventions for avoiding exposure and risks factors and providing with career guidance.
The early diagnosis and classification of hand eczema helps to identify its cause (36) and appropriate treatment. Whereas, ten participants did not seek specialist dermatological care, most (28/33) spent less than 500 yuan on their treatment compared with the 1,712–9,792 euros reported in other studies (37). Although only one nurse in our study changed her work department, previous studies have reported the job changing rate of healthcare workers was as high as 34% due to hand eczema, although this was less than some other occupations (38). Patch test results among 120 healthcare workers with hand eczema in Denmark revealed the most frequent allergic substances to be nickel sulfate and thimerosal (39). Seven nurses in the current study showed moderate positive patch test results and one showed a suspicious positive result in our study. In our study, none of the 34 healthcare workers had taken sick leave due to hand eczema while the percentage was 1.7% in Netherlands (40).
This study has several strengths, including a high response rate which reduced the selection bias and use of a well-representative sample of healthcare workers in tertiary hospitals. In addition, the high educational level of the participants in our study may leads to a convincible estimation of hand eczema popularity. Limitations of the study include its small sample size and enrolment of only two tertiary hospitals, which may not be generalizable to hospitals of other grades or regions. The symptoms reported were also mild because of spontaneous improvement from the increased humidity and exposure to ultraviolet radiation during late spring (41) thus the prevalence of eczema might also be underestimated due to recall bias because the survey was not conducted in winter when the disease is at its worse. Finally, the questionnaires used were adapted from published questionnaires and not specifically validated before use in this study.
In conclusion, this study indicates that hand eczema is common among healthcare workers in Guangzhou, especially those excessively exposed to hair dye, those with food allergy history, and those frequently washing their hands. Recommendations for skincare should be incorporated into hand hygiene education for Chinese healthcare workers in the future. In-depth studies to explore the prevalence of hand eczema in a larger group and the interventions to protect health workers from hand hygiene programs are needed.
Supplementary
The article’s supplementary files as
Acknowledgments
Funding: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20ykpy109) to HX and Clinical Research initiation Program of Southern Medical University to BY (LC2017PY002). The funder had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. There were no exclusion criteria and ethical approval was obtained through the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital Ethics Committee. The researchers approached randomly selected health care workers to explain the study and signed an informed consent form with them. The study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013).
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the SURGE reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7652
Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7652
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7652). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
(English Language Editor: B. Draper)
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