Incidence of HIV and HCV in people who inject drugs: a systematic and meta-analysis review protocol

Abstract

Introduction

HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major health concerns globally. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol study aims to estimate the incidence of HIV and HCV among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) by reviewing studies that have applied mathematical modelling. The primary purpose of this systematic review is to identify and review mathematical modelling studies of HIV and HCV incidence in PWIDs.

Methods and analysis cohort, cross-sectional and clinical trial studies conducted to estimate the incidence of HIV and HCV based on mathematical models or have evaluated the effectiveness of mathematical models will be considered for inclusion in the review. A comprehensive search applying a Cochrane approach will be used to identify relevant primary studies, published between January 2000 and July 2020, and indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, Opengrey, WOS, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with no restriction on language. This protocol was prepared according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Study selection and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. Assessment of risk of bias will be implemented using forms of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s and Egger’s tests. A meta-analysis will be conducted to answer the first research question, ‘What is the incidence of HIV and HCV when applying mathematical model in PWID?’. Clinical heterogeneity will be assessed by looking at the characteristics of participants, method of diagnosis and case definitions in the included primary studies. In addition, subgroup analyses will be conducted for population and secondary outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination

There are no ethical issues related to this study. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at international and national conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019126476.

Strengths and limitations of this study.

• The present systematic review is the first to examine models for the incidence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in injecting drug users by searching various databases.

• To minimise potential bias, each process of initial screening, data extraction and quality evaluation will be performed by two independent reviewers.

• The study is not limited by specific languages and therefore is not exposed to language bias.

• This review only includes studies using mathematical models, therefore, it may ignore some studies working on HIV and HCV incidence in people who inject drugs.

Introduction

Despite significant progress in the treatment of chronic diseases over the past decade, HIV remains a major health concern globally with 36.7 million people infected—it is predicted to be the third main cause of death by 2030.¹ Although epidemiological evidence indicates a decreasing trend in many developed countries during the last few years, HIV prevalence is increasing in developing countries.²

The UNAIDS global strategy for 2016–2021 focuses on the application of effective interventions to reduce the burden of HIV among key populations.³ One of the main at-risk populations for HIV infection are people who inject drugs (PWIDs). According to the literature, 13.3% of injecting drug users are infected by HIV, with a remarkable rate of 28.8% in South East Asia and 23% in Eastern Europe.⁴

The sharing of previously used injection equipment potentially exposes PWID to HIV infection,⁵ and is one of the main routes for HCV transmission.⁴ Numerous harm-reducing interventions have been implemented to limit injection equipment sharing among PWID,^6–11 the most common of which are needle syringe distribution programmes.¹² The main purpose of which is to reduce opportunities for needle and syringe sharing and to provide education about safer drug use, sexual health and referral for social supports if necessary.¹

Although harm reduction programmes have been successful in controlling HIV among PWIDs, universal implementation has remained challenging.^13–16 Evaluating and demonstrating the effectiveness of harm reduction programmes among PWID is required if we are to develop the most effective strategies for preventing HIV and HCV infection.¹⁷ Studies focused on evaluating the effectiveness of harm reduction programmes especially needle syringe programmes (NSP) are often conducted using cost-effectiveness principals or with modelling approaches.¹⁸

Modelling approaches play an important role in evaluating the economic and demographic effects of disease epidemiology, estimating the effectiveness of interventions, and providing precise information to policy makers so decisions can be made about how best to deal with the challenges for controlling infectious diseases.^{19 20} A recent review of studies showed that “NSP was effective in reducing HIV transmission among PWID, while there were mixed results regarding a reduction of HCV infection, also Full harm reduction interventions provided at the structural level and in multi-component programmes, as well as high level of coverage, were more beneficial”.¹⁸

Using the evidence of an updated systematic review could assist policy makers and health planners to identify the most appropriate health policies and better use resources to plan prevention interventions targeting PWID. This systematic review of HIV and HCV incidence in PWID may clarify underlying causal factors affecting transmission.

Objective

The objective is to estimate the incidence of HIV and HCV among PWIDs.

Review question(s)

1. What is the incidence of HIV and HCV when applying a mathematical model in PWID?

2. Heterogeneity assessment and finding potential causes.

Methods

This is a protocol that was registered in the PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42019126476) to complete a systematic review using the search strategy to identify relevant primary studies that have been published between January 2000 and July 2020, and indexed in electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Opengrey, WOS, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library. The reference lists of relevant primary studies will also be searched manually to include all relevant studies. A sensitive search strategy will be used to retrieve relevant studies. Both free-text terms and terms at keyword databases such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Emtree and DeCS will be used to define the keywords; for example, ‘viral hepatitis C’, ‘hepatitis virus C’, ‘HCV’. Meanwhile, common terms in the field of harm reduction and studies regarding PWID will be used in our search strategy. Various forms of words, synonyms, plural words, abbreviations, truncation, and acronyms for ‘distribution of syringe’, ‘harm reduction’, ‘effectiveness’, ‘injecting drug’ and so on will also be used in varying combinations. The search strategy that will be used for PubMed is reported in table 1. We will modify our search strategy to suit each database. We will update the search 6 months ahead of publishing the systematic review paper. All results will be managed by EndNote software. Duplicate records will be recognised and removed.

Table 1.

PubMed search strategy for studies published between January 2000 and July 2020

Search terms	Search
(HIV [Mesh] OR ‘HIV infection’ OR AIDS OR ‘Human immunodeficiency virus’ OR ‘Acquired immune deficiency virus’ OR AIDS OR ‘Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome’ OR ‘Acquired immunologic deficiency syndrome’ OR ‘Acquired immune deficiency syndrome*’ [tiab))	#1
(‘Viral hepatitis C’ OR ‘Hepatitis C’ OR HCVOR ‘Hepatitis C virus’ OR “Hepatitis C”(Mesh Terms] (tiab))	#2
(‘Mathematical models’ OR Models OR Theoretical [Mesh] OR ‘Evaluated effectiveness model’ [tiab))	#3
(‘People who inject drugs’ OR ‘injecting drug	#4
us*’ OR ‘Syringe exchange
Programs’ OR ‘Needle Sharing’ [Mesh] OR ‘Drug us*’ (tiab))
#1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5	#5

Eligibility criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria)

Any studies completed with PWID in all settings will be considered for review. Therefore, Drop-in Centres (DIC) and drug market neighbourhoods will both be considered.

Studies that were conducted to estimate the incidence of HIV and HCV based on mathematical models or have evaluated the effectiveness of mathematical models will be considered for the review.

This systematic review will include all cohort, clinical trials and cross-sectional studies. As the main focus of this study will be on estimating HIV and HCV incidence through mathematical models, only studies that have applied mathematical models in order to evaluate HIV and HCV incidence will be enrolled in the review.

Inclusion criteria based on PICOs (Cochrane standard) are as follows:

P (Participants or population): Studies with PWID as the study population. Any studies that have been completed with PWID across all settings will be enrolled for review. Therefore, the DIC and drug market neighbourhoods will also be considered.

I (Intervention) and C (comparison) are not relevant to this protocol study.

O (Outcome): Estimates for the incidence of HIV and HCV among PWID based on mathematical models; only studies that were conducted to estimate the incidence of HIV and HCV based on mathematical models will be considered.

S: Cohort studies and studies that evaluated the effectiveness of mathematical models in estimating the incidence of HIV and HCV in PWID. This systematic review will include all cohort, clinical trials and cross-sectional studies. The main focus of this study will be estimating HIV and HCV incidence through mathematical models. Only studies that apply mathematical models in order to evaluate HIV and HCV incidence will be enrolled in the review.

Exclusion criteria

Studies with the population(s) other than PWID, qualitative studies and studies with a secondary analysis will be excluded from the review. Also, studies that estimate HIV and HCV incidence directly or through laboratory tests and self-report data will be excluded from the study.

Study selection

Initially, at least two authors will evaluate studies according to title and abstract and the chosen full texts that comply with the inclusion criteria will be entered for full-text review. Questions will be designed for each section based on inclusion criteria. Finally, articles that meet eligibility for the study questions and inclusion criteria will be entered for further evaluation and data extraction.

Full texts of studies identified by both authors as eligible will be sourced and the full texts of studies recognised as eligible by one author will be evaluated based on the inclusion criteria. If further information is needed, we will contact their first or corresponding authors to collect any required information. A third author will be consulted to make any final decisions regarding inclusion in the review. Reasons for exclusion will be recorded.

Assessing the quality of articles

Two reviewers will independently appraise the study quality and risk of bias using adapted forms of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP)²¹ for cross-sectional and cohort studies, and consort Critical Appraisal Skills for randomised trial studies will be used. Quality scores will be calculated from the individual items in the checklists. The mean quality score will be calculated as the quality sum score of each article divided by the number of items in the critical appraisal forms.

Extraction and data management

Two of the study authors will separately extract data in accordance with the designed form using the information provided in articles. Data from papers reporting the results of one study will be combined together into one single study. Articles in languages other than English or Persian will be translated into Persian. The process outlined above will be administered on any of these papers.

Data extraction will be done by collecting the results of relevant studies and recording these in an Excel spreadsheet. The data collection form will include authors’ name, type of study, place of the study, year of publication, study population, sample size and applied methodology in the study.

Method of analysis and assessment of heterogeneity

After completing the data extraction phase, the results of the included papers will be categorised and summarised in descriptive tables. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg’s and Egger’s tests. We are planning to conduct a meta-analysis to answer the second research question. Clinical heterogeneity will be assessed by looking at the characteristics of participants, method of diagnosis and case definitions in the included primary studies. Also, we will use the χ² test and I² statistics to choose between fixed effects and random effects meta-analysis. In addition, subgroup analyses will be conducted for the study population and the secondary outcomes. All meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.12 software.

In case the level of interval confidence for evaluating effectiveness overlaps among studies, or I² statistics is higher than 40% or p value in χ² test for two heterogeneities is less than 0.1, then there is heterogeneity between the studies, and it is not possible to conduct fixed method meta-analysis, then random effects used to meta-analysis if the I² value is >40%.

In the meta-analyses, we will pay attention to the status of incidence based on geographical areas, and in case of differences in incidence in specific geographical areas, geographic area sensitivity analyses will be performed.

Patient and public involvement

Patients and the public were not involved with the development of this protocol. The results will be published in open-access, peer-reviewed publications.

Discussion

This systematic review will provide incidence estimates for HIV and HCV in PWID using mathematical models. The synthesis of review findings will assess study limitations as well as any limitations in our own review methodology. Once a large volume of studies has been identified from the first search, we will use a multiple reviewer team to minimise the risk of bias. A team of authors is beneficial in reducing the time needed to complete the study. The findings of this review study may also be compared with findings from other studies on this issue. Finally, in the discussion, key findings, study limitations, implications and recommendations for future research, and practical/clinical considerations for specialists will be presented.

This review only includes studies using mathematical models therefore, it may exclude other important studies working on HIV and HCV incidence in PWIDs.

In summary, this review study will produce robust data on the incidence of HIV and HCV in PWIDs. It is expected that the findings of this review will be of interest to infectious disease physicians, psychiatrists, drug and alcohol specialists, harm reduction professionals, policy makers and others working with PWID.

Ethics and dissemination

This study will synthesise the relevant primary studies on the incidence of HIV and HCV in PWIDs. Results of this review study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific journals and may be presented at international and national conferences to help researchers, harm reduction professionals, healthcare workers and policy makers in the development of future research studies, effective interventions and health planning to prevent HIV and HCV among this at-risk population. Also, this review study will provide important detailed information about study design, ethical and operational challenges, and valid findings (controlled for biases) for future investigations and interventions.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build on this work non-commercially and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

Implications of key findings

Results of this review will help researchers, healthcare workers and policy makers in developing research studies, effective interventions and health protocols or guidelines to promote best outcomes for this at-risk population. Also, this review will provide important detailed information about study design, ethical and operational challenges, and valid findings (controlled for biases) for future investigations and interventions.