Dual-Cationic Poly(ionic liquid)s Carrying 1,2,4-Triazolium and Imidazolium Moieties: Synthesis and Formation of a Single-Component Porous Membrane

Abstract

Both imidazolium and 1,2,4-triazolium cations are important functional moieties widely incorporated as building blocks in poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs). In a classical model, a PIL usually contains either imidazolium or 1,2,4-triazolium in its repeating unit. Herein, via exploiting the slight reactivity difference of alkyl bromide with imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole at room temperature, we synthesized dual-cationic PIL homopolymers carrying both imidazolium and 1,2,4-triazolium moieties in the same repeating unit, that is, an asymmetrically dicationic unit. We investigated their fundamental properties, for example, thermal stability and solubility, as well as their unique function in forming supramolecular porous membranes via a water-initiated phase-separation and cross-linking process. With such knowledge, we identified a water-based fabricate strategy toward air-stable porous membranes from single-component PILs. This study will enrich the design tools and chemical structure library of PILs and expand their application spectrum.

The types of cations in poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have been traditionally focused on imidazolium, pyridinium, ammonium, and phosphonium.¹⁻⁴ Among them, the imidazolium cation has been playing a dominant role since the research concept of PILs emerged in the polymer community around 2000.^5,6 The popularity of imidazolium cations⁷⁻¹⁶ in PIL chemical structure design lies in the following facts. (1) Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are among the best studied ILs because of their rich chemical structures. When researchers think of polymerizing ILs, it is no doubt that imidazolium-based ILs come first. (2) Imidazolium is known to be associated with some unique properties, such as high thermal and chemical stability, aromaticity, rich forms of supramolecular interactions, and abundance in heteroatoms. (3) Easy access to imidazolium-based IL monomers. There is a giant library of commercial imidazole compounds that can be easily converted to their IL monomers. A classic example is 1-vinylimidazole that, via a simple step of quaternization reaction with alkyl halide, can readily form a polymerizable IL.

Lately, there have been surging activities to build up PILs from triazoliums, including 1,2,3-triazolium¹⁷⁻²¹ and 1,2,4-triazolium.²²⁻²⁷ From a chemical structure point of view, replacement of only a single carbon atom in an imidazolium ring produces either 1,2,3-, or 1,2,4-triazolium, depending on the relative position of the added nitrogen atom in the five-membered heterocyclic ring.²¹ This minor change of the chemical structure of PILs can drastically alter their global physicochemical properties. For example, poly(3-n-dodecyl-1-vinylimidazolium bromide) nanoparticles prepared in water are onion-like spheres, while poly(4-n-dodecyl-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazolium bromide) nanoparticles are wasp-like ellipsoids;²⁵ poly(3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium TFSI) (TFSI stands for the bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide anion) in contact with water does not form a regular structure, while poly(4-methyl-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazolium TFSI) can be physically cross-linked by water molecules through H-bonds into a porous membrane in wet conditions.²⁸ Such distinctive behaviors of polytriazoliums initiate a rising wave to understand their intrinsic structure–property relationships and explore their applications in sorption, catalysis, sensors, and more.²⁸⁻³⁰

The physical and chemical properties of polyimidazoliums and polytriazoliums have been investigated individually to date. It raises a question in our mind: what if these two cations are localized in a single dicationic repeating unit of PILs? As such a structure is unusual and synthetically challenging, it has so far not been reported. Note that there have been a few studies reporting PILs of dicationic repeating units, for example, 1,2,3-triazolium/1,3-thiazolium^31,32 and 1,2,3-triazolium/1,2,3-triazolium³³ ones. Driven by curiosities and wishes to expand the structural toolbox of PILs, we reported herein the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolium/imidazolium-type dicationic PILs, and their capability of forming air-stable single-component porous membranes.

The overall synthetic route is displayed in Figure 1. It starts with a reaction of sodium 1,2,4-triazolate with 1,4-dibromobutane to afford a mono-Br compound 1, the structure of which was confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy (spectra in Figures 2a, S1, and S2). It is a stable compound in either a solid or solution state at room temperature (r.t.), as the sample shows no difference in its NMR spectra after storage at r.t. for 2 days. The integration ratio of peak 9 (-CH₂-triazole) to 6 (Br-CH₂-) is 0.98 (theoretical value ∼ 1.00) in its ¹H NMR spectrum (Figure 2a), confirming the mono-Br compound 1 as the sole product. Bear in mind that it is crucial to keep 1,4-dibromobutane in a minimum 2-fold excess with respect to sodium 1,2,4-triazolate to suppress the formation of di-Br compound as byproduct (see synthetic details in the SI). With a moderate yield of 41%, this reaction proceeded in a mild condition for easy scale-up. Next, an N-alkylation reaction of compound 1 with 1-vinylimidazole was performed to afford monomer 2, a crucial step in the entire synthetic line. Here, the alkyl bromide moiety was subjected to both 1,2,4-triazole and imidazole compounds at r.t., where only the latter reacts readily with the alkyl bromide. Figure 2a and b compare the ¹H NMR spectra of compound 1 and monomer 2. The chemical shift of the Br-CH₂- protons (peak 6 in Figure 2a) at 3.48 ppm vanished completely after quaternization, and a new one at 4.38 ppm (imidazolium-CH₂-, peak 6 in Figure 2b) emerged, indicative of a successful conversion of compound 1 to monocationic monomer 2.

Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolium/imidazolium-type dicationic PILs.

Figure 2.

¹H NMR spectra of (a) compound 1, (b) monomer 2, (c) monomer 3, (d) polymer 4, and (e) polymer 6. For Figure 2a–c, CD₃OD was used as the solvent; for Figure 2d,e, DMSO-d₆ was used as the solvent.

Dicationic monomer 3 formed upon a second N-alkylation reaction of monomer 2 with bromoacetonitrile at 60 °C in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an inhibitor. In its ¹H NMR spectrum in Figure 2c, a single peak emerges at 5.77 ppm (peak 12), which is assigned to the CN-CH₂- protons. The integration ratio of peak 12/6 in Figure 2c is measured to be 0.99 (theoretical value ∼ 1.00), proving a quantitative alkylation reaction. The specific integration and assignment of peaks in ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of monomers 2 and 3 are displayed in Figures S3–S6, which agree well with their chemical structures.

After obtaining monomers 2 and 3, free radical polymerizations were conducted to synthesize Br^–-containing polymers 4 and 6, respectively. As shown in Figure 2b,c, the vinyl proton signals 1, 1′, and 2 at 7.32, 5.99, and 5.48 ppm, respectively, vanished after polymerization; two new signals originated from the backbone protons of the corresponding polymers appeared (peaks 1 and 2 at 4.28 and 1.84 ppm in Figure 2d for polymer 4, and peaks 1 and 2 at 4.31 and 1.75 ppm in Figure 2e for polymer 6, respectively). In addition, the broadening effect of proton signals in their polymers (Figure 2d,e) in comparison to the corresponding monomers (Figure 2b,c) is clear to see because of a slower molecular motion of macromolecular chains than monomers of a lower molecular weight. More details of ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of polymers can be found in Figures S7–S10. A supportive proof of polymer formation is provided by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The stretching IR band of vinyl C–H at 3100 cm^–1 in the monomer spectra (Figure S11, highlighted by dotted blue line) shrank massively in their corresponding polymers (Figure S12).

Note that the dicationic monomer 3 was observed to polymerize with more difficulty than the monocationic monomer 2, apparently due to enhanced intermonomer electrostatic repulsion and sterical hindrance. Under the same polymerization condition for 72 h, polymerization of monomer 3 resulted in a lower yield of 26% than monomer 2 (76%). Aiming at a higher yield, polymer 6 could be alternatively obtained via quantitative N-alkylation of polymer 4 with bromoacetonitrile at 80 °C for 24 h. To stress, monomer 2 is an IL with a melting point (mp) at 60 °C, so that its polymer 4 is strictly a PIL, while monomer 3 is an organic salt with a mp of 140 °C (Figure S17), defining its polymer 6 as a classic ionic polymer. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests were performed to determine their macromolecular characteristics, showing a monomodal molecular weight (M_W) distribution with an apparent M_W of 133 kDa with a polydispersity index (PDI ∼ 4.5) for polymer 4, and 24 kDa with a PDI ∼ 2.0 for polymer 6, respectively (Figure S15).

Next, anion metathesis reactions of polymers 4 and 6 were performed with LiTFSI and KPF₆ salts to produce polymer 5 and polymers 7/8, respectively (Figure 1). Since PF₆^– and TFSI^– anions are H-free and silent in ¹H NMR (see corresponding ¹H- and ¹³C NMR spectra in Figures S22–S27), the anion exchange reactions were proven by FT-IR spectra of these polymers (Figure S12). Polymers 5 and 7 with TFSI^– anions display four characteristic bands at 1343, 1133, 611, and 600 cm^–1 (dotted purple line in Figure S12) from the asymmetric/symmetric stretching and bending of the =SO₂ group of the TFSI^– anion.³⁴ Polymer 8 with a PF₆^– anion shows a broad band at 820 cm^–1 (dotted brown line in Figure S12), which can be assigned to the symmetric stretching of PF₆^–.³⁵ Similarly, anion exchange was conducted to dicationic monomer 3 to produce monomers 9 and 10 with TFSI^– and PF₆^–, respectively. Both monomers 9 and 10 are ILs; the former is a r.t. IL with a glass transition temperature (T_g) of −25 °C (Figure S13), and the latter (T_g ∼ 10 °C) becomes a viscous liquid above 80 °C (Figures S14 and S17). In this context, both polymers 7 and 8 belong to the PIL family. It is worth mentioning that, despite our various attempts, we failed in the synthesis of polymers 7 and 8 directly from radical polymerization of monomers 9 and 10, respectively. Presumably, the strong intermonomer electrostatic repulsion in the superposition of the large-sized anions eventually blocked chain growth in polymerization.

The thermal properties of polymers 4–8 were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We found that their thermal properties are strongly anion-dependent, typically observed for PILs. As seen in Figure S16, the thermal decomposition temperatures (T_d, defined as 10 wt % mass loss) for TFSI^–-bearing polymers 5 and 7, were found to be 336 and 345 °C, respectively, which are expectedly higher than their corresponding Br^–-containing polymers 4 (274 °C) and 6 (285 °C). To our surprise, PF₆^–-containing polymer 8 presents the lowest T_d of 252 °C. The weakened thermal stability of polymer 8 was presumably caused by a residue of 14.8 mol % of Br- anions, which was proven by a AgPF₆ titration test (see SI for details). The DSC traces of polymers 4–8 are displayed in Figure S18, showing a T_g at about 80 °C for Br^–-containing polymer 4 and 6, and a lower T_g at ca. 60 °C for TFSI^–-containing polymers 5 and 7 due to a plasticizing effect of large-sized TFSI^– anion. Meanwhile, PF₆^–-containing polymer 8 exhibited no detectable T_g up to 240 °C. The solubility table of polymers 4–8 (Table S1) presents characteristic anion-adaptive solubility.

Having 1,2,4-triazolium/imidazolium dicationic PILs in hand, we were interested in exploring their functions and applications. Recently we discovered that some TFSI^–-containing poly(1,2,4-triazolium) and occasionally also polyimidazolium could be cross-linked via H-bonding by water molecules into porous membranes, a processing technique that allows for “green” membrane fabrication. Unfortunately, these reported porous structures in water lost pores upon warming or drying at ambient condition, that is, the pores are only stable in wet conditions unless being freeze-dried.²⁸

Here, we tested TFSI^–-containing dicationic polymer 7 for this pore-forming behavior in water, as the TFSI^– anion is required to make polymer 7 hydrophobic enough to induce phase separation in contact with water. The detailed fabrication procedure is illustrated in Figure 3a. First, a DMSO solution of polymer 7 was cast onto a glass plate and dried at 80 °C for 3 h into a transparent yellowish thin film, which according to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis is dense and pore-free (Figure S19). This film was immersed in water for 12 h, during which it became opaque. Finally, the sample was taken out and dried in a fume hood under an ambient environment to a constant weight. Its SEM image visualizes an interconnected porous architecture from its top to bottom (Figure 3b,c). The membranes prepared by this method are generally 5–20 μm in thickness, depending on the thickness of the original films on the glass plate. The average pore size is 1.1 ± 0.3 μm with a monomodal pore size distribution (Figure 3d). It is noteworthy that 1,2,4-triazolium-free polymer 5 failed to form pores along the same fabrication procedure (Figure S20), as the 1,2,4-triazolium cation assists the formation of strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Figure 3.

(a) Fabrication scheme of a porous membrane from polymer 7 in water; (b, c) SEM images of the cross-sectional view of the porous membrane made from polymer 7 after annealed in water for 12 h; (d) its pore size distribution histogram.

Surprisingly, the porous membrane formed in water remains porous even after being dried in air. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the membrane has no weight loss (<1 wt %) up to 200 °C (Figure S21), implying the absence of water molecules. This observation is different from our recent report that the pores formed in water and cross-linked by H-bonds were only stable in a wet condition.²⁸ We attribute the capability of porous structures to survive the dry process, to the high-content of TFSI^– anions (2 per repeating unit) that sufficiently stabilize the phase-separated porous structure, even after removal of water molecules. Note that the dried membrane is soluble in DMSO upon gentle warming, allowing for full recycle and reuse of the membrane materials. This discovery provides a fabrication strategy of supramolecular porous membranes from single-component PILs.

In summary, homopolymer-type PILs containing both imidazolium and 1,2,4-triazolium cations in the repeating unit have been synthesized. As expected, the relatively high charge density in monomers makes it difficult to directly polymerize dicationic monomers with large-sized counteranions. Such PILs in contact with water produce porous membranes that are air-stable after drying in ambient conditions. The design and synthesis of asymmetrically dicationic PILs will not only enrich the chemical structure library of PILs, but also contribute to the green fabrication techniques for porous membranes.

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00784.

• Materials, instrumentation, experimental procedure, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the monomers/polymers, FT-IR spectra and DSC curves of the monomers/polymers, photos of monomer 9 and 10, TGA curves of the polymers, and the SEM images of membranes before and after annealing in water (PDF)

Author Contributions

The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

The authors declare no competing financial interest.