Table 1.

Examples of alternative proteins.

	Traditional		Novel
	Origin	Brief Definition	Origin	Brief Definition
Plant Protein	Traditional part of diets globally	Vegetal sources of protein that include cereals and legumes Examples: cereals include wheat, corn, rice and oats; legumes include soy and beans and products based on these, e.g., tofu, tempeh	Beyond Meat’s first product, Chicken-Free Strips, was launched in 2012 Impossible Foods launched The Impossible Burger in 2016	Plant-based meat alternatives are products designed to imitate the appearance and experience of eating animal meat This category can include ‘mock meats’—meat analogues made from soy or gluten [27] Examples: Impossible Foods, Beyond Meat and mock chicken
Insect Protein	Traditional part of diets in many African, South American and Asian countries	Edible insects that are cooked prior to consumption or eaten raw Examples: whole insects such as crickets	The first bread using insect flour (Fazer Sirkkaleipä or Fazer Cricket Bread) was created in 2017 by Finnish company, Fazer	Processed edible insects usually added as ingredients in processed food products Examples: bread or biscuits made with cricket flour; insect burger patties
Algal Protein	Traditional part of diets, especially in Asian countries	Edible algae that are typically processed or cooked prior to consumption Examples: seaweed, Spirulina and Chlorella	Recent decades have seen a rise in nutraceuticals and functional foods incorporated with algae or its extracted ingredients [24,28]	Processed edible algae which can be consumed whole, used as ingredients in processed food products or their components (such as bioactive compounds) extracted and used in health food products Examples: foods incorporated with seaweed, Spirulina, or Chlorella, such as pasta, beverages, and desserts
In vitro/Cultured Meat Protein	NA	NA	The first in vitro meat patty was created in 2013. It was cultivated using stem cells extracted from the biopsy of a cow.	Laboratory-grown meat using cell-based technologies to culture and grow animal cells Examples: Laboratory-grown beef burger patties, beef meatballs, and chicken tenders