Table 4.

Barriers to FV consumption in East and Southeast Asia.

ID	Territory	Study Design	Sample Size	Individuals			Food Businesses				Environments			Reference
				(A) Lack of Proficiency in Buying FVs, (B) Lack of Food Information, (C) Financial Concerns			(A) Perceived Complexity, (B) Subjective Loudness, (C) Lack of Validated Food Safety, (D) Unavailability of FVs				(A) Inflation due to Urbanization, (B) Urbanized Dietary Patterns, (C) Rurality
				(A)	(B)	(C)	(A)	(B)	(C)	(D)	(A)	(B)	(C)
1	Malaysia	Cross-sectional	1450								++			Azizan, Thangiah [46]
2	Vietnam	Longitudinal	25,899									++		Bairagi, Mohanty [47]
3	Malaysia	Cross-sectional	544			++								Chamhuri and Batt [28]
5	China	Longitudinal	>25,000									++		Dong and Fuller [48]
7	Vietnam	Cross-sectional	185	++										Hai, Moritaka [49]
8	China	Longitudinal	1680								++	++		Hovhannisyan and Devadoss [31]
9	China	Longitudinal	11,721										++	Huang and Tian [50]
11	Korea	Longitudinal	8616			++								Kim, Lee [51]
12	Korea	Cross-sectional	36 (lunchbox)							++				Kim and Choi [52]
13	Taiwan	Cross-sectional	366	++										Lai, Pai [33]
15	China	Cross-sectional	625 (food retailers)										++	Li, Song [53]
18	China	Cross-sectional	Not Applicable					++						Meng, Sun [54]
20	Japan	Longitudinal	Not Applicable							++				Ogawa, Tanabe [37]
22	China	Longitudinal	Not Applicable									++		Streeter [38]
24	Vietnam	Cross-sectional	300			++				++				Thai, Manh [40]
26	China	Cross-sectional	643				++							Wang and Somogyi [41]
28	Vietnam	Cross-sectional	152 households; 24 consumers		++				++					Wertheim-Heck, Spaargaren [43]
30	China	Longitudinal	216–217 (communities)								++			Wu, Xue [55]

Remarks: ++ = strong association.