Table 2.

List of nutrients that were tested in clinical trials with outcomes for PD.

Nutrient	Dose	n *	Function	Outcome	Ref.
Niacin	250 mg	46	support and stabilize mitochondrial function	improvement in Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III scores, improvement in cognition	[62]
	100 mg, 250 mg	46		changes in macrophage polarization, improved Quality of Life (QoL, reduction in rigidity and bradykinesia	[17,60,61]
Glutathione	1400 mg	21	Antioxidant, neuroprotection	UPDRS—Activities of Daily Living (ADL) + motor scores did not significantly change. Possibility of a mild symptomatic effect. The high-dose group showed improvement in total UPDRS and motor subscore over baseline	[80]
	300, 600 mg	30
	100, 200 mg	41
N-acetyl Cysteine	150 mg/Kg	6	Antioxidant, neuroprotection	Significantly increased dopamine transporter (DAT) binding in the caudate and putamen. UPDRS scores were significantly improved. Peripheral anti-oxidant measures increased significantly, but indicators of oxidative damage were unchanged	[81,82,83]
	6000 mg	8
Hydrogen water	1000 mL	17		Significant improvement in total UPDRS scores. This study will confirm whether H2 water can improve PD symptoms	[80]
	1000 mL	178
Creatinine minocycline	10 g/d 200 mg/d	67 66	support and stabilize mitochondrial function Antioxidant	creatinine group showed improvement in UPDRS3 scores after 18 months	[84]
Co-enzyme Q10	300 mg/d		Antioxidant, neuroprotection	no benefits at mid-stage PD	[85,86]
Lipoic Acid			Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection		[87]
Vitamin E and Omega-3 fatty acids	400 IU and 1000 mg flaxseed oil	30 treated 30 placebo	Antioxidant Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection		[88]
dephrenyl/ Vitamin E	10 mg/d 2000 IU		Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection	no benefits reported	[89,90]
Vitamin D3	NA	NA	Antioxidant, neuroprotection	Lowered serum levels of Vita D3 in PD patients. High Vit D levels are protective against PD	[91]

* n: number of subjects recruited into the study.