Table 2.
Some of the dry powders for inhalation prepared by various techniques.
| Drug/Payload | Additives | Median Size | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| A. Milling | |||
| 1. Recombinant secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor | 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero 3[phosphor-Lserine], Cholesterol | 2.44 µm | [156] |
| 2. β-Glucuronidase | Dimyristoylphosphatyl-Choline, Cholesterol | 6.4 µm | [157] |
| 3. Beclomethasone dipropionate | Not mentioned | ~5 µm | [94] |
| 4. Levodopa | L-Leucine | <5 µm | [158] |
| 5. Fluticasone-17-propionate | HPMC | ~2 µm | [94] |
| 6. Fusafungine | Lactose | ~5 µm | [159] |
| 7. Diclofenac | Not mentioned | 2.36 µm | [160] |
| 8. Simvastatin | Not mentioned | 2.2 µm | [161] |
| 9. Itraconazole | Mannitol and Sodium taurocholate | 5.91 µm | [162] |
| 10. Indomethacin | Mannitol and L-leucine | 0.96 µm | [163] |
| 11. Glucagon | Pharmatose, Erythritol | ~2.5 µm | [164] |
| 12. Glucagon | Citric acid, Lactose | 4.7–52.1 µm | [165] |
| 13. Ciprofloxacin HCl and Colistin sulfate | Not mentioned | <5.4 µm | [166] |
| 14. Salbutamol sulphate | Not mentioned | ~10 µm | [167] |
| B. Spray drying | |||
| 1. N-acetylcysteine | Soya phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Polysorbate 80 | 2.72 µm | [168] |
| 2. Dapsone | Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Polysorbate 80 | 2.2 µm | [169] |
| 3. Rifampicin | Soya phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine | ~2 µm | [170] |
| 4. Rifapentine | Not mentioned | 1.92 µm | [171] |
| 5. Isoniazide | L-α-soybean phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Mannitol | 4.92 µm | [172] |
| 6. Ciprofloxacine | Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine, Cholestrol, Sucrose | ~1 µm | [173] |
| 7. Tacrolimus | Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Trehalose | 2.2 µm | [174] |
| 8. Docetaxel | Phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Mannitol, Leucine | 3.1 µm | [175] |
| 9. Amiloride HCl | Hydrogenated soy phosphatidycholine, Cholesterol, Mannitol | 2.3 µm | [176] |
| 10. Moxifloxacin | Phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Dextran | <5 µm | [177] |
| 11. Oseltamivir phosphate | Ovelecithin, Cholesterol, Leucine | ~3.5 µm | [178] |
| 12. Salmon calcitonin | Sodium tripolyphosphate, Chitosan, Mannitol | 4.7 µm | [179] |
| 13. Azethromycin | Not mentioned | 1.6 µm | [180] |
| 14. Paclitaxel | Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol | 2.3 µm | [181] |
| 15. Tobramycin | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), Poly(vinyl alcohol) | 3.3 µm | [182] |
| 16. Tobramycin (PulmoSphere™) | Distearoylphosphatidlcholin, perflurooctyl bromide | ~5 µm | [183] |
| 17. Zanamivir (Relenaza®) | Mannitol, L-leucine, Poloxamer 188 | 2.3 µm | [184] |
| C. Spray-freeze drying | |||
| 1. Insulin | Soya lecithin, Cholesterol, Cholate, Mannitol | 3.9 µm | [185] |
| 2. Theophylline anhydrate and oxalic acid | Not mentioned | 3.0 µm | [186] |
| 3. Ciprofloxacin | Dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, lactose | 2.8 µm | [187] |
| 4. Levofloxacin | Polycaprolactone, L-leucine, Mannitol | ~4–5 µm | [188] |
| 5. Levofloxacin | Soybean lecithin, D-mannitol, L-leucine | 5.6 µm | [189] |
| 6. Small interfering RNA | Mannitol | 10–14.9 µm | [190] |
| 7. Voriconazole | Mannitol | 3.8 µm | [191] |
| 8. Octreotide acetate | Mannitol, ammonium carbonate | 2.6 µm | [192] |
| 9. Human IgG | Hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, trehalose | ~5.32 µm | [193] |
| 10. Humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody | Carbohydrate excipients | ~3 µm | [117] |
| 11. PlasmidDNA-Luc | Β-benzyl-L-aspartate N-carboxy-anhydride | 7.6 µm | [194] |
| 12. Viral protein (hemagglutinin) | Dextran, Mannitol, Poloxamer 188, Polysorbate 20, Trehalose | 30–60 µm | [195] |
| 13. Monovalent influenza subunit hemagglutinin | Inulin | 11.05 µm | [196] |
| 14. Δ9-Tetrahydro-cannabinol | Inulin | 84.1 µm | [197] |
| D. Supercritical fluid drying | |||
| 1. Terbutaline sulphate | α-Lactose monohydrate | 2.85–3.43 µm | [138] |
| 2. Ipratropium bromide | Bovine serum albumin | 1–5 µm | [198] |
| 3. Fluticasone-17-propionte | Poloxamer 188 | ~1.69 µm | [199] |
| 4. Salmeterol xinafoate | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [140] |
| 5. Salbutamol sulphate | N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone | 1–3 µm | [200] |
| 6. Albuterol sulfate | α-lactose monohydrate | 2.4 µm | [201] |
| 7. Beclomethasone-17,21-dipropionate | Not mentioned | 7.9 µm | [202] |
| 8. Miconazole | Phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol, Poloxamer 407 | 3.6–9.4 µm | [203] |
| 9. Salmon calcitonin | Inulin, Trehalose, Chitosan, Sodium taurocholate, β-cyclodextrin | 2.2–2.9 µm | [204] |
| 10. Rifampicin | Poly(L-lactide) | <5 µm | [205] |
| 11. Amoxicillin trihydrate | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | [206] |
| 12. Piroxicam | β-Cyclodextrin | Not mentioned | [207] |
| 13. Ibuprofen | Chitosan | 2.1–2.7 µm | [141] |
| 14. Insulin | Not mentioned | 2–3 µm | [208] |
| 15. Plasmid pSVβ | Mannitol | Not mentioned | [145] |
| 16. Plasmid pCMV-Luc | Chitosan, trehalose | <10 µm | [209] |
| 17. Plasmid DNA | Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid | Not mentioned | [210] |
| 18. siRNA | Chitosan | <10 µm | [211] |
| 19. 5-fluorouracil | α-lactose monohydrate | Not mentioned | [212] |
| 20. Curcumin | Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin | ~5.8 µm | [213] |
| 21. Nalmefene hydrochloride | Not mentioned | 0.5–2 µm | [214] |
| 22. Cyclosporine A | Not mentioned | <2.5 µm | [215] |