Table 5.
Associations of total fruit and whole fruit consumption with cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults by sex 1,2.
| Quartile of Total Fruit and Whole Fruit Consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| OR | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p Trend | |
| Men | |||||
| Total fruit, g | (n = 2236) | (n = 1209) | (n = 1723) | (n = 1723) | |
| Mean ± SE (CV) | 0.0 | 12.5 ± 15.1 (121.0) | 155.3 ± 58.4 (37.6) | 563.2 ± 323.1 (57.4) | |
| Median (Interquartile range, Q1–Q3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 5.7 (1.1–18.3) | 151.4 (105.7–207.5) | 462.1 (339.2–672.1) | |
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.86,1.20) | 0.86 (0.74,1.00) | 0.84 (0.72,0.98) | 0.013 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.94 (0.78,1.12) | 0.80 (0.68,0.94) | 0.74 (0.63,0.88) | 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.79,1.20) | 0.82 (0.66,1.00) | 0.73 (0.59,0.89) | 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.18 (0.88,1.57) | 1.15 (0.88,1.50) | 1.33 (1.02,1.73) | 0.066 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.91 (0.72,1.16) | 0.88 (0.70,1.09) | 0.78 (0.62,0.98) | 0.041 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.18 (0.78,1.78) | 0.69 (0.45,1.06) | 1.09 (0.75,1.60) | 0.823 |
| Whole fruit, g | (n = 2617) | (n = 828) | (n = 1723) | (n = 1723) | |
| Mean ± SE (CV) | 0.0 | 8.1 ± 8.4 (103.8) | 135.1 ± 58.5 (43.3) | 537.5 ± 323.6 (60.2) | |
| Median (Interquartile range, Q1–Q3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 5.0 (1.8–11.5) | 136.5 (82.3–186.3) | 435.2 (305.2–642.0) | |
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.01 (0.85,1.22) | 0.92 (0.80,1.06) | 0.85 (0.73,0.99) | 0.023 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.81,1.21) | 0.81 (0.69,0.95) | 0.78 (0.66,0.92) | 0.002 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.93 (0.74,1.18) | 0.84 (0.68,1.03) | 0.68 (0.55,0.83) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.20 (0.88,1.63) | 1.05 (0.82,1.35) | 1.29 (0.99,1.67) | 0.098 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.73,1.26) | 0.88 (0.71,1.09) | 0.84 (0.68,1.05) | 0.130 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.07 (0.65,1.77) | 0.71 (0.47,1.09) | 0.88 (0.60,1.28) | 0.467 |
| Women | |||||
| Total fruit, g | (n = 2475) | (n = 2475) | (n = 2476) | (n = 2475) | |
| Mean ± SE (CV) | 0.03 ± 0.12 (365.7) | 58.2 ± 41.9 (71.9) | 216.5 ± 54.3 (25.1) | 615.1 ± 348.1 (56.6) | |
| Median (Interquartile range, Q1–Q3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 59.0 (13.2–94.5) | 209.6 (167.2–262.2) | 509.3 (394.3–706.3) | |
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.82,1.10) | 0.84 (0.72,0.97) | 0.86 (0.73,1.01) | 0.062 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.82,1.14) | 0.77 (0.64,0.92) | 0.86 (0.70,1.04) | 0.084 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.12 (0.89,1.40) | 0.98 (0.79,1.22) | 0.89 (0.69,1.15) | 0.146 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.10 (0.87,1.40) | 1.00 (0.79,1.26) | 1.18 (0.92,1.51) | 0.271 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.74 (0.57,0.96) | 0.93 (0.72,1.20) | 0.68 (0.53,0.88) | 0.023 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.54,1.47) | 0.75 (0.43,1.28) | 0.72 (0.41,1.26) | 0.255 |
| Whole fruit, g | (n = 2663) | (n = 2287) | (n = 2476) | (n = 2475) | |
| Mean ± SE (CV) | 0.0 | 47.3 ± 37.3 (78.8) | 197.7 ± 53.8 (27.2) | 588.4 ± 345.1 (58.7) | |
| Median (Interquartile range, Q1–Q3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 44.6 (6.2–78.0) | 192.2 (151.4–236.8) | 482.9 (375.9–666.6) | |
| Obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.79,1.07) | 0.88 (0.75,1.02) | 0.86 (0.73,1.00) | 0.092 |
| Abdominal obesity 3 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.75,1.06) | 0.80 (0.67,0.96) | 0.84 (0.69,1.02) | 0.120 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.77,1.20) | 0.97 (0.78,1.20) | 0.83 (0.65,1.06) | 0.126 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.20 (0.95,1.51) | 0.91 (0.72,1.14) | 1.23 (0.97,1.56) | 0.227 |
| Hypertension | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.72 (0.55,0.94) | 0.96 (0.76,1.22) | 0.69 (0.54,0.89) | 0.033 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.58,1.60) | 0.70 (0.41,1.18) | 0.80 (0.46,1.41) | 0.421 |
CV, coefficient of variation; SE, standard error. 1 All of the analyses accounted for the effects of the complex sampling design and appropriate sampling weights of the national survey using the PROC SURVEY procedures in the SAS software. 2 Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p trend values for cardiovascular risk factors by quartile of total fruit and whole fruit consumption, taking the lowest quartile group as the reference (Ref) group. To calculate the p trend values across quartiles of total fruit and whole fruit consumption, the median intake in each quartile was entered as a continuous variable in the logistic regression model. Age (continuous), living area (urban or rural), education (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college or more), household income (lowest, medium-low, medium-high, or highest), current smoking (yes or no), current alcohol drinking (yes or no), physical activity (yes or no), BMI (continuous), and total energy intake (continuous) were controlled for in all of the models. 3 Adjusted for age, living area, education, household income, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, physical activity, and total energy intake.